Review Flashcards

Flashcards for lecture notes on Empirical vs. Theoretical Knowledge, Atomic Structure, and the Octet Rule.

Empirical Knowledge

Knowledge gained through experiments, observations, and measurements.

Theoretical Knowledge

Knowledge based on theorizing and creating conceptual frameworks.

Theory

A system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles.

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element; the smallest particle of an element.

Proton

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom; atomic number equals the number of protons.

Electron

Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom; number of neutrons equals atomic mass minus atomic number.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; most reactive electrons.

Electron Shells

Energy levels or orbits around the nucleus where electrons are located. (Shell 1-2, Shell 2-8, Shell 3-8, etc.)

Octet Rule

The rule that atoms tend to combine in order to achieve eight valence electrons, resulting in stability.

Cations

Positive ions formed when atoms lose electrons.

Anions

Negative ions formed when atoms gain electrons.