Chapter 5

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42 Terms

1

What is a macromolecule?

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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2

What is a monomer?

The basic building block of a macromolecule, typically small and can join together to form polymers.

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3

What is polymer?

A large molecule made up of repeating structural units called monomers, linked by covalent bonds.

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4

How do monomers form larger molecules?

Through condensation reactions called dehydration reactions ( they release free water molecules)

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5

How are polymers diassembled?

Hydrolysis; a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

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6

What is the macromolecule of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides, polymers composed of many building blocks.

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7

What do monosaccharides do?

Serve as major fuel for cells and as a raw material for building molecules

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8

How is a disaccharide formed?

When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; the bond is called a Glycosidic Linkage

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9

What does Starch do?

Polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

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10

What is Glycogen?

Storage polysaccharide in animals; Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in muscle cells

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11

What is cellulose and what is it’s function?

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls.

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12

What is a polysaccharide?

Polymer of sugars, have structural and storage roles

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13

What is chitin?

Structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

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14

What is a lipid?

Hydrophobic molecules; One class of LBM’s that does not form a polymer; fats phospholipids, and steroids

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15

What is fats composed off?

Glycerol and fatty acids

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16

What is glycerol?

Three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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17

What are fatty acids?

Consists of carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton?

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18

Why are fats hydrophobic?

Water molecules form bonds with each other and exclude the fats

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19

Saturated Fatty Acids

Maximum number of hydrogen atoms with no double bonds

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20

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

At least one double bonds

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21

What is a phospholipid?

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

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22

What is a micelle?

Spherical shaped arrangement of phospholipids (ex. bilayer)

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23

Steroids

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four rings

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24

Proteins

50% of dry mass; “business” of the cell - responsible for carrying out almost all biochemical reactions

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25

Structural Protein

Support (silk fiber/spiderwebs)

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26

Storage proteins

Storage of amino acids (ovalbumin/egg white)

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27

Enzyme

Protein that acts as a catalyst

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28

Polypeptide

polymer of amino acids

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29

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins (cells use 20 aa to make thousands of proteins)

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30

Nonpolar amino acids

Amino acids with hydrophobic side chains.

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31

Polar amino acids

Amino acids with hydrophilic side chains.

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32

Electrically charged amino acids

Amino acids with side chains that carry a positive or negative charge.

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33

Four levels of Protein Structure

Primary; Secondary; Tertiary; Quaternary

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34

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids in a protein; determined by inherited genetic info

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35

Secondary Structure

Coils and folds resulting from H-bonds between polypeptide backbone

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36

Tertiary Structure

Determined by R-group interactions (H-Bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions)

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37

Quaternary Structure

Results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

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38

Chaperonins

Protein molecules that assist proper folding

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39

What are genes made of

DNA

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40

Nitrogenous bases

Pyrimidines and Purines

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41

Pyrimidines

SIngle Six membered ring

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42

Purines

Six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

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