Chapter 15 - Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

steam engine

steam engine

The ________, more than any other technology, enabled industrialisation to self- replicate and extend into one field of industry after another.

James Watt

________, a Scottish engineer and machine manufacturer, began experimenting with a replica of a Newcomen machine at the University of Glasgow in the 1760s.

British ironmakers

________ produced fewer than 25, 000 tons of iron per year in the early eighteenth century.

Charcoal

First, instead of coke, ________ was used to smelt the ore. ________, which is made from wood, was becoming rare as Britain's woods dwindled, and it does not burn at as high a temperature as coke, which is obtained from coal.

Textile manufacturing

________ is a prime example of industrialism rising to meet the demands of an ever- expanding market for daily products.

Iron

________ is the primary component of all heavy industries as well as land and marine transportation.

Thomas Newcomen

In the early eighteenth century, ________ (1663- 1729) constructed the first workable steam engine.

household textile manufacturing system

The ________ was a fundamental part of this family economy, and it would remain so in Britain and on the Continent far into the nineteenth century.

Cotton textile demand

________ was expanding faster than output, particularly in the United Kingdom, which had a substantial domestic and North American market for these items.

steam engine

Unlike engines powered by water or wind, the ________, which was fuelled by coal, provided a portable source of industrial power that did not fail or weaken as the seasons changed.

steam engine

Unlike human or animal power, the ________ relied on inexhaustible mineral energy.