Studied by 1 person
Sensation & Perception; Learning (Classical & Operant Conditioning, Insight, Observational); Cognition: Memory, Thinking, & Problem Solving
sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the
brain
_____ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses
transduction
sensory receptors play a key role in detecting _____ in the external world
changes
loudness is determined by sound _____
amplitude
______ is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations
perception
the intensity of light is our perception of _______
brightness
specialized cells that detect specific stimuli such as length, color, and boundaries
feature detectors
physical properties of sound include
amplitude and frequency
the smallest change in physical energy between 2 stimuli that is recognized as different
difference threshold
Starbucks is careful not to change its packaging too much to keep it beneath
just noticeable difference
number of vibrations a sound wave completes in a given time
frequency
what is not one of the 5 taste qualities
spicy
you can tell who is singing “I’ll Be There” (Mariah Carey or the Jackson 5) because of _____
timbre
top-down processing emphasizes all of the following except
stimulus features
a bus moves toward you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of
perceptual constancy
“the whole is other than the sum of its parts” reflects
Gestalt psychology
the visual cliff tests infants on
depth perception
a green apple looks green in dim light and bright in sunshine because of
color constancy
if you see the old lady first and then see her in the ambiguous picture it demonstrates
perceptual set
sam added a bit more clove to a new perfume, enough to just tell the difference. This is
just noticeable difference
Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?
learning based inference
Caroline’s _____ provides her with information regarding her body position when she is driving
kinesthetic sense
the perception of _____ is related to the intensity of light
brightness
______ refers to the fact we don’t know how the brain combines features into a single percept
the binding problem
the fish market doesn’t smell as bad when I leave because of
sensory adaptation
strumming a guitar causes the surrounding air to
vibrate
whether a sound has a high or low _____ refers to its frequency
pitch
sensory DATA is analyzed in ______ processing
bottom up
rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ____ while cones allow us to see __________
the moon at night; a yellow jeep
the concept of ______ explains why a red dress look red in dim light and bright in sunshine
color constancy
auditory signals are processed in the
auditory cortex of the temporal lobes
perception is not an exact internal copy of the world, but based on our experiences as shown by
optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion
the blind spot refers to the region of the eye at which the ____ leaves the eye
optic nerve
as a pterodactyl flies towards you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of
perceptual constancy
wavelength translates into ______ while intensity will affect the ______ of what we see
color; brightness
we don’t see a black hole where our blind spot is because
what is missed with one eye is caught with the other
the visual cortex is located within the
occipital lobe
tasting pizza is ______, remembering you hate the taste of pizza is ______
sensation; perception
we see color better when we look
straight ahead
we see in dim light better when we look
to the sides
when we see a line take a 90 degree turn we still perceive it as the same line due to the
law of continuity
fluid movement in the semicircular canals in the inner ear help you
with balance and body position
wavelength gives us
color and pitch
transduction for hearing takes place in the _____, and for vision in the ______
cochlea; retina
in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are more _____ in the dark than cones and are not found in the ______
sensitive; fovea
a reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that
the brain fills in missing information so that there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete
damage to what best explains conduction deafness
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Ernst Weber and Gustave Fechner’s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following
the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation
negative afterimages are explained by
the opponent process theory
the pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light
hue
the Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called
figure-ground
feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. where in the visual system are these feature detectors located
occipital cortex
balance is influence by the
cochlea
visual activity is best in the
fovea
Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. when would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth
throwing a ball to a friend
what is the correct path neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina
rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception
frequency and place
scott lost his vision at a young age. when he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. after so many years of not being able to see, he had a difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. his visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the
visual cortex
in the science of psychology, “positive” means
to add or increase
“negative” means
to subtract or decrease
if behavior is reinforced it is
more likely to happen again
if behavior is punished theoretically it is
less likely to happen again
positive reinforcement is defined as
presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
negative reinforcement is effective because it
removes an unpleasant stimulus
positive punishment is sometimes effective because it
presents an unpleasant stimulus
negative punishment is a common consequence for teenagers because it involved
presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the vice principal hangs you by your fingernails for wearing your hat in school. this is
positive punishment
the vice principal gives you a piece of candy for following the dress code. this is
positive reinforcement
you are caught wearing the hat and must now hand it over to the vice principal. this is
negative punishment
operant conditioning differs from classical in that operant involves
voluntary behavior
all of the following are examples of operant conditioning except (laughing at a joke, ignoring rude behavior, rewarding with a treat, associating the sound of a can opener and food)
associating the sound of a can opener and food
when a fixed number of responses must be made before getting a reward
fixed ratio
when you “never know when” you’re going to get the reward
variable interval
if you “never know how many” times a behavior must be repeated before getting the reward
variable ratio
getting paid every friday is this type of intermittent reward
fixed interval
this can be thought of as “Grandma’s Rule”; it pairs low probability behavior with high
the Premack principle
“aversive” most closely means
unpleasant or punishing
observational learning is sometimes called
social learning theory or modeling
Bandura, Tolman, & Kohler provided evidence for _____ theories of learning
cognitivist
Tolman is linked to
cognitive maps, mazes, and rats
Kohler is linked to
chimpanzees, sticks, and boxes
Bandura is linked to
Bobo dolls, hammers, and aggression
which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning (relatively permanent, change in behavior, brought about by experience, all of the above)
all of the above
B.F. Skinner & John B. Watson are behaviorists, which means they believe learning should be explained without any reference to
mental processes
in classical conditioning, a reflexive, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is
an unconditioned response
in Pavlov’s classic experiment, the bell was
BOTH the neutral and conditioned stimulus
Little Albert was conditioned to fear the white rat. also fearing white rabbits was
stimulus generalization
in Brave New World, babies are electrically shocked when shown books. the shocks are
an unconditioned stimulus
for babies electrically shocked when presented with books, the books become
a conditioned stimulus
what is being associated in classical conditioning
the UCS and CS
these 2 things are ALWAYS the exact same
the NS and CS
acquisition describes this step
UCS + NS = CS
Elf was attacked by a raccoon and now fears raccoons. the attack is the
unconditioned stimulus
spongebob shakes the treat can to get Gary to come home. Gary coming home to the sound of the can is the
conditioned response
teacher yells at you, your blood pressure rises. you see this teacher and now your blood pressure rises. what is the blood pressure rising in response to the yelling?
UCR
years ago you got sick after eating hot dogs but now you’ll eat hot dogs again. explain why
extinction
skippy peanut butter was the brand ella used when she was a kid. her tendency to buy skippy today may be due to
the mere exposure effect
Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike are considered
behaviorists
classical conditioning and operant conditioning are considered ______ theories
behaviorist
not hearing the neighbor’s incessantly barking dog anymore is an example of
habituation
