AP Psychology Midterm Review Unit 3-5

Sensation & Perception; Learning (Classical & Operant Conditioning, Insight, Observational); Cognition: Memory, Thinking, & Problem Solving

sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the

sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the

brain

_____ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses

transduction

sensory receptors play a key role in detecting _____ in the external world

changes

loudness is determined by sound _____

amplitude

______ is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations

perception

the intensity of light is our perception of _______

brightness

specialized cells that detect specific stimuli such as length, color, and boundaries

feature detectors

physical properties of sound include

amplitude and frequency

the smallest change in physical energy between 2 stimuli that is recognized as different

difference threshold

Starbucks is careful not to change its packaging too much to keep it beneath

just noticeable difference

number of vibrations a sound wave completes in a given time

frequency

what is not one of the 5 taste qualities

spicy

you can tell who is singing “I’ll Be There” (Mariah Carey or the Jackson 5) because of _____

timbre

top-down processing emphasizes all of the following except

stimulus features

a bus moves toward you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of

perceptual constancy

“the whole is other than the sum of its parts” reflects

Gestalt psychology

the visual cliff tests infants on

depth perception

a green apple looks green in dim light and bright in sunshine because of

color constancy

if you see the old lady first and then see her in the ambiguous picture it demonstrates

perceptual set

sam added a bit more clove to a new perfume, enough to just tell the difference. This is

just noticeable difference

Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?

learning based inference

Caroline’s _____ provides her with information regarding her body position when she is driving

kinesthetic sense

the perception of _____ is related to the intensity of light

brightness

______ refers to the fact we don’t know how the brain combines features into a single percept

the binding problem

the fish market doesn’t smell as bad when I leave because of

sensory adaptation

strumming a guitar causes the surrounding air to

vibrate

whether a sound has a high or low _____ refers to its frequency

pitch

sensory DATA is analyzed in ______ processing

bottom up

rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ____ while cones allow us to see __________

the moon at night; a yellow jeep

the concept of ______ explains why a red dress look red in dim light and bright in sunshine

color constancy

auditory signals are processed in the

auditory cortex of the temporal lobes

perception is not an exact internal copy of the world, but based on our experiences as shown by

optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion

the blind spot refers to the region of the eye at which the ____ leaves the eye

optic nerve

as a pterodactyl flies towards you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of

perceptual constancy

wavelength translates into ______ while intensity will affect the ______ of what we see

color; brightness

we don’t see a black hole where our blind spot is because

what is missed with one eye is caught with the other

the visual cortex is located within the

occipital lobe

tasting pizza is ______, remembering you hate the taste of pizza is ______

sensation; perception

we see color better when we look

straight ahead

we see in dim light better when we look

to the sides

when we see a line take a 90 degree turn we still perceive it as the same line due to the

law of continuity

fluid movement in the semicircular canals in the inner ear help you

with balance and body position

wavelength gives us

color and pitch

transduction for hearing takes place in the _____, and for vision in the ______

cochlea; retina

in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are more _____ in the dark than cones and are not found in the ______

sensitive; fovea

a reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so that there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

damage to what best explains conduction deafness

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Ernst Weber and Gustave Fechner’s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following

the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation

negative afterimages are explained by

the opponent process theory

the pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light

hue

the Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called

figure-ground

feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. where in the visual system are these feature detectors located

occipital cortex

balance is influence by the

cochlea

visual activity is best in the

fovea

Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. when would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth

throwing a ball to a friend

what is the correct path neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception

frequency and place

scott lost his vision at a young age. when he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. after so many years of not being able to see, he had a difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. his visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

visual cortex

in the science of psychology, “positive” means

to add or increase

“negative” means

to subtract or decrease

if behavior is reinforced it is

more likely to happen again

if behavior is punished theoretically it is

less likely to happen again

positive reinforcement is defined as

presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

negative reinforcement is effective because it

removes an unpleasant stimulus

positive punishment is sometimes effective because it

presents an unpleasant stimulus

negative punishment is a common consequence for teenagers because it involved

presentation of an unpleasant stimulus

the vice principal hangs you by your fingernails for wearing your hat in school. this is

positive punishment

the vice principal gives you a piece of candy for following the dress code. this is

positive reinforcement

you are caught wearing the hat and must now hand it over to the vice principal. this is

negative punishment

operant conditioning differs from classical in that operant involves

voluntary behavior

all of the following are examples of operant conditioning except (laughing at a joke, ignoring rude behavior, rewarding with a treat, associating the sound of a can opener and food)

associating the sound of a can opener and food

when a fixed number of responses must be made before getting a reward

fixed ratio

when you “never know when” you’re going to get the reward

variable interval

if you “never know how many” times a behavior must be repeated before getting the reward

variable ratio

getting paid every friday is this type of intermittent reward

fixed interval

this can be thought of as “Grandma’s Rule”; it pairs low probability behavior with high

the Premack principle

“aversive” most closely means

unpleasant or punishing

observational learning is sometimes called

social learning theory or modeling

Bandura, Tolman, & Kohler provided evidence for _____ theories of learning

cognitivist

Tolman is linked to

cognitive maps, mazes, and rats

Kohler is linked to

chimpanzees, sticks, and boxes

Bandura is linked to

Bobo dolls, hammers, and aggression

which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning (relatively permanent, change in behavior, brought about by experience, all of the above)

all of the above

B.F. Skinner & John B. Watson are behaviorists, which means they believe learning should be explained without any reference to

mental processes

in classical conditioning, a reflexive, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is

an unconditioned response

in Pavlov’s classic experiment, the bell was

BOTH the neutral and conditioned stimulus

Little Albert was conditioned to fear the white rat. also fearing white rabbits was

stimulus generalization

in Brave New World, babies are electrically shocked when shown books. the shocks are

an unconditioned stimulus

for babies electrically shocked when presented with books, the books become

a conditioned stimulus

what is being associated in classical conditioning

the UCS and CS

these 2 things are ALWAYS the exact same

the NS and CS

acquisition describes this step

UCS + NS = CS

Elf was attacked by a raccoon and now fears raccoons. the attack is the

unconditioned stimulus

spongebob shakes the treat can to get Gary to come home. Gary coming home to the sound of the can is the

conditioned response

teacher yells at you, your blood pressure rises. you see this teacher and now your blood pressure rises. what is the blood pressure rising in response to the yelling?

UCR

years ago you got sick after eating hot dogs but now you’ll eat hot dogs again. explain why

extinction

skippy peanut butter was the brand ella used when she was a kid. her tendency to buy skippy today may be due to

the mere exposure effect

Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike are considered

behaviorists

classical conditioning and operant conditioning are considered ______ theories

behaviorist

not hearing the neighbor’s incessantly barking dog anymore is an example of

habituation