AP Psychology Midterm Review Unit 3-5

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Sensation & Perception; Learning (Classical & Operant Conditioning, Insight, Observational); Cognition: Memory, Thinking, & Problem Solving

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144 Terms

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sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the

brain

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_ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses

transduction

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sensory receptors play a key role in detecting _ in the external world

changes

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loudness is determined by sound _

amplitude

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is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations

perception

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the intensity of light is our perception of _

brightness

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specialized cells that detect specific stimuli such as length, color, and boundaries

feature detectors

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physical properties of sound include

amplitude and frequency

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the smallest change in physical energy between 2 stimuli that is recognized as different

difference threshold

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Starbucks is careful not to change its packaging too much to keep it beneath

just noticeable difference

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number of vibrations a sound wave completes in a given time

frequency

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what is not one of the 5 taste qualities

spicy

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you can tell who is singing “I’ll Be There” (Mariah Carey or the Jackson 5) because of _

timbre

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top-down processing emphasizes all of the following except

stimulus features

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a bus moves toward you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of

perceptual constancy

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“the whole is other than the sum of its parts” reflects

Gestalt psychology

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the visual cliff tests infants on

depth perception

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a green apple looks green in dim light and bright in sunshine because of

color constancy

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if you see the old lady first and then see her in the ambiguous picture it demonstrates

perceptual set

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sam added a bit more clove to a new perfume, enough to just tell the difference. This is

just noticeable difference

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Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?

learning based inference

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Caroline’s _ provides her with information regarding her body position when she is driving

kinesthetic sense

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the perception of _ is related to the intensity of light

brightness

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refers to the fact we don’t know how the brain combines features into a single percept

the binding problem

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the fish market doesn’t smell as bad when I leave because of

sensory adaptation

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strumming a guitar causes the surrounding air to

vibrate

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whether a sound has a high or low _ refers to its frequency

pitch

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sensory DATA is analyzed in processing

bottom up

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rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ____ while cones allow us to see __

the moon at night; a yellow jeep

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the concept of explains why a red dress look red in dim light and bright in sunshine

color constancy

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auditory signals are processed in the

auditory cortex of the temporal lobes

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perception is not an exact internal copy of the world, but based on our experiences as shown by

optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion

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the blind spot refers to the region of the eye at which the ____ leaves the eye

optic nerve

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as a pterodactyl flies towards you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of

perceptual constancy

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wavelength translates into while intensity will affect the of what we see

color; brightness

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we don’t see a black hole where our blind spot is because

what is missed with one eye is caught with the other

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the visual cortex is located within the

occipital lobe

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tasting pizza is ,__ remembering you hate the taste of pizza is

sensation; perception

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we see color better when we look

straight ahead

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we see in dim light better when we look

to the sides

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when we see a line take a 90 degree turn we still perceive it as the same line due to the

law of continuity

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fluid movement in the semicircular canals in the inner ear help you

with balance and body position

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wavelength gives us

color and pitch

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transduction for hearing takes place in the , and for vision in the _

cochlea; retina

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in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are more in the dark than cones and are not found in the _

sensitive; fovea

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a reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so that there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

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damage to what best explains conduction deafness

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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Ernst Weber and Gustave Fechner’s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following

the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation

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negative afterimages are explained by

the opponent process theory

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the pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light

hue

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the Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called

figure-ground

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feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. where in the visual system are these feature detectors located

occipital cortex

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balance is influence by the

cochlea

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visual activity is best in the

fovea

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Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. when would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth

throwing a ball to a friend

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what is the correct path neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

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which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception

frequency and place

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scott lost his vision at a young age. when he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. after so many years of not being able to see, he had a difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. his visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

visual cortex

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in the science of psychology, “positive” means

to add or increase

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“negative” means

to subtract or decrease

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if behavior is reinforced it is

more likely to happen again

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if behavior is punished theoretically it is

less likely to happen again

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positive reinforcement is defined as

presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

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negative reinforcement is effective because it

removes an unpleasant stimulus

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positive punishment is sometimes effective because it

presents an unpleasant stimulus

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negative punishment is a common consequence for teenagers because it involved

presentation of an unpleasant stimulus

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the vice principal hangs you by your fingernails for wearing your hat in school. this is

positive punishment

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the vice principal gives you a piece of candy for following the dress code. this is

positive reinforcement

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you are caught wearing the hat and must now hand it over to the vice principal. this is

negative punishment

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operant conditioning differs from classical in that operant involves

voluntary behavior

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all of the following are examples of operant conditioning except (laughing at a joke, ignoring rude behavior, rewarding with a treat, associating the sound of a can opener and food)

associating the sound of a can opener and food

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when a fixed number of responses must be made before getting a reward

fixed ratio

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when you “never know when” you’re going to get the reward

variable interval

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if you “never know how many” times a behavior must be repeated before getting the reward

variable ratio

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getting paid every friday is this type of intermittent reward

fixed interval

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this can be thought of as “Grandma’s Rule”; it pairs low probability behavior with high

the Premack principle

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“aversive” most closely means

unpleasant or punishing

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observational learning is sometimes called

social learning theory or modeling

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Bandura, Tolman, & Kohler provided evidence for _ theories of learning

cognitivist

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Tolman is linked to

cognitive maps, mazes, and rats

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Kohler is linked to

chimpanzees, sticks, and boxes

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Bandura is linked to

Bobo dolls, hammers, and aggression

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which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning (relatively permanent, change in behavior, brought about by experience, all of the above)

all of the above

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B.F. Skinner & John B. Watson are behaviorists, which means they believe learning should be explained without any reference to

mental processes

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in classical conditioning, a reflexive, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is

an unconditioned response

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in Pavlov’s classic experiment, the bell was

BOTH the neutral and conditioned stimulus

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Little Albert was conditioned to fear the white rat. also fearing white rabbits was

stimulus generalization

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in Brave New World, babies are electrically shocked when shown books. the shocks are

an unconditioned stimulus

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for babies electrically shocked when presented with books, the books become

a conditioned stimulus

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what is being associated in classical conditioning

the UCS and CS

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these 2 things are ALWAYS the exact same

the NS and CS

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acquisition describes this step

UCS + NS = CS

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Elf was attacked by a raccoon and now fears raccoons. the attack is the

unconditioned stimulus

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spongebob shakes the treat can to get Gary to come home. Gary coming home to the sound of the can is the

conditioned response

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teacher yells at you, your blood pressure rises. you see this teacher and now your blood pressure rises. what is the blood pressure rising in response to the yelling?

UCR

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years ago you got sick after eating hot dogs but now you’ll eat hot dogs again. explain why

extinction

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skippy peanut butter was the brand ella used when she was a kid. her tendency to buy skippy today may be due to

the mere exposure effect

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Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike are considered

behaviorists

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classical conditioning and operant conditioning are considered theories

behaviorist

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not hearing the neighbor’s incessantly barking dog anymore is an example of

habituation