sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the
brain
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_____ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses
transduction
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sensory receptors play a key role in detecting _____ in the external world
changes
4
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loudness is determined by sound _____
amplitude
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______ is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations
perception
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the intensity of light is our perception of _______
brightness
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specialized cells that detect specific stimuli such as length, color, and boundaries
feature detectors
8
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physical properties of sound include
amplitude and frequency
9
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the smallest change in physical energy between 2 stimuli that is recognized as different
difference threshold
10
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Starbucks is careful not to change its packaging too much to keep it beneath
just noticeable difference
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number of vibrations a sound wave completes in a given time
frequency
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what is not one of the 5 taste qualities
spicy
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you can tell who is singing “I’ll Be There” (Mariah Carey or the Jackson 5) because of _____
timbre
14
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top-down processing emphasizes all of the following except
stimulus features
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a bus moves toward you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of
perceptual constancy
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“the whole is other than the sum of its parts” reflects
Gestalt psychology
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the visual cliff tests infants on
depth perception
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a green apple looks green in dim light and bright in sunshine because of
color constancy
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if you see the old lady first and then see her in the ambiguous picture it demonstrates
perceptual set
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sam added a bit more clove to a new perfume, enough to just tell the difference. This is
just noticeable difference
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Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?
learning based inference
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Caroline’s _____ provides her with information regarding her body position when she is driving
kinesthetic sense
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the perception of _____ is related to the intensity of light
brightness
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______ refers to the fact we don’t know how the brain combines features into a single percept
the binding problem
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the fish market doesn’t smell as bad when I leave because of
sensory adaptation
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strumming a guitar causes the surrounding air to
vibrate
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whether a sound has a high or low _____ refers to its frequency
pitch
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sensory DATA is analyzed in ______ processing
bottom up
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rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ____ while cones allow us to see __________
the moon at night; a yellow jeep
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the concept of ______ explains why a red dress look red in dim light and bright in sunshine
color constancy
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auditory signals are processed in the
auditory cortex of the temporal lobes
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perception is not an exact internal copy of the world, but based on our experiences as shown by
optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion
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the blind spot refers to the region of the eye at which the ____ leaves the eye
optic nerve
34
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as a pterodactyl flies towards you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of
perceptual constancy
35
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wavelength translates into ______ while intensity will affect the ______ of what we see
color; brightness
36
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we don’t see a black hole where our blind spot is because
what is missed with one eye is caught with the other
37
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the visual cortex is located within the
occipital lobe
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tasting pizza is ________,__ remembering you hate the taste of pizza is ______
sensation; perception
39
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we see color better when we look
straight ahead
40
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we see in dim light better when we look
to the sides
41
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when we see a line take a 90 degree turn we still perceive it as the same line due to the
law of continuity
42
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fluid movement in the semicircular canals in the inner ear help you
with balance and body position
43
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wavelength gives us
color and pitch
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transduction for hearing takes place in the _____, and for vision in the ______
cochlea; retina
45
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in the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. this phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are more _____ in the dark than cones and are not found in the ______
sensitive; fovea
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a reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that
the brain fills in missing information so that there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete
47
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damage to what best explains conduction deafness
hammer, anvil, stirrup
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Ernst Weber and Gustave Fechner’s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following
the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation
49
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negative afterimages are explained by
the opponent process theory
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the pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light
hue
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the Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called
figure-ground
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feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. where in the visual system are these feature detectors located
occipital cortex
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balance is influence by the
cochlea
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visual activity is best in the
fovea
55
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Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. when would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth
throwing a ball to a friend
56
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what is the correct path neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina
rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
57
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which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception
frequency and place
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scott lost his vision at a young age. when he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. after so many years of not being able to see, he had a difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. his visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the
visual cortex
59
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in the science of psychology, “positive” means
to add or increase
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“negative” means
to subtract or decrease
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if behavior is reinforced it is
more likely to happen again
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if behavior is punished theoretically it is
less likely to happen again
63
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positive reinforcement is defined as
presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
64
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negative reinforcement is effective because it
removes an unpleasant stimulus
65
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positive punishment is sometimes effective because it
presents an unpleasant stimulus
66
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negative punishment is a common consequence for teenagers because it involved
presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
67
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the vice principal hangs you by your fingernails for wearing your hat in school. this is
positive punishment
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the vice principal gives you a piece of candy for following the dress code. this is
positive reinforcement
69
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you are caught wearing the hat and must now hand it over to the vice principal. this is
negative punishment
70
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operant conditioning differs from classical in that operant involves
voluntary behavior
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all of the following are examples of operant conditioning except (laughing at a joke, ignoring rude behavior, rewarding with a treat, associating the sound of a can opener and food)
associating the sound of a can opener and food
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when a fixed number of responses must be made before getting a reward
fixed ratio
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when you “never know when” you’re going to get the reward
variable interval
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if you “never know how many” times a behavior must be repeated before getting the reward
variable ratio
75
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getting paid every friday is this type of intermittent reward
fixed interval
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this can be thought of as “Grandma’s Rule”; it pairs low probability behavior with high
the Premack principle
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“aversive” most closely means
unpleasant or punishing
78
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observational learning is sometimes called
social learning theory or modeling
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Bandura, Tolman, & Kohler provided evidence for _____ theories of learning
cognitivist
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Tolman is linked to
cognitive maps, mazes, and rats
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Kohler is linked to
chimpanzees, sticks, and boxes
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Bandura is linked to
Bobo dolls, hammers, and aggression
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which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning (relatively permanent, change in behavior, brought about by experience, all of the above)
all of the above
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B.F. Skinner & John B. Watson are behaviorists, which means they believe learning should be explained without any reference to
mental processes
85
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in classical conditioning, a reflexive, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is
an unconditioned response
86
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in Pavlov’s classic experiment, the bell was
BOTH the neutral and conditioned stimulus
87
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Little Albert was conditioned to fear the white rat. also fearing white rabbits was
stimulus generalization
88
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in Brave New World, babies are electrically shocked when shown books. the shocks are
an unconditioned stimulus
89
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for babies electrically shocked when presented with books, the books become
a conditioned stimulus
90
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what is being associated in classical conditioning
the UCS and CS
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these 2 things are ALWAYS the exact same
the NS and CS
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acquisition describes this step
UCS + NS = CS
93
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Elf was attacked by a raccoon and now fears raccoons. the attack is the
unconditioned stimulus
94
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spongebob shakes the treat can to get Gary to come home. Gary coming home to the sound of the can is the
conditioned response
95
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teacher yells at you, your blood pressure rises. you see this teacher and now your blood pressure rises. what is the blood pressure rising in response to the yelling?
UCR
96
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years ago you got sick after eating hot dogs but now you’ll eat hot dogs again. explain why
extinction
97
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skippy peanut butter was the brand ella used when she was a kid. her tendency to buy skippy today may be due to
the mere exposure effect
98
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Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike are considered
behaviorists
99
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classical conditioning and operant conditioning are considered ______ theories
behaviorist
100
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not hearing the neighbor’s incessantly barking dog anymore is an example of