Eating and Substance Use Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards about Eating and Substance Use Disorders

What are the main diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa according to DSM-5?

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, intense fear of gaining weight, and disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced.

What are the two subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa?

Restricting Type and Binge-Eating/Purging Type

According to BMI, what is considered mild anorexia nervosa?

BMI ≥ 17

In what type of countries is Anorexia Nervosa most prevalent?

Postindustrialized, high-income countries (e.g., U.S., many European nations)

What are the main characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa?

Recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

What is the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?

Eating an excess amount of food in a discrete period of time with a sense of lack of control, plus compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain.

How often must binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur for a Bulimia Nervosa diagnosis?

At least once a week for 3 months

What is the typical weight range for individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?

Normal weight or overweight range (BMI ≥ 18.5 and < 30)

What is the primary characteristic of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)?

Recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

According to DSM-5, what is considered an episode of binge eating?

Eating a large amount of food within a 2-hour period with a sense of lack of control.

How often must binge-eating episodes occur on average for a BED diagnosis?

At least once a week for three months

What is the core concept related to substance use disorders and drug reward?

All drugs taken in excess share the ability to directly activate the brain's reward systems.

What is the essential feature of a Substance Use Disorder (SUD)?

A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continued substance use despite significant substance-related problems.

What are the main categories of criteria for diagnosing a SUD?

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal).

What defines tolerance in the context of substance use?

Requiring a markedly increased dose of the substance to achieve the desired effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed.

What is withdrawal in the context of substance use?

A syndrome that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged, heavy use of the substance.

What defines Alcohol Use Disorder?

A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2 of the specified criteria within a 12-month period.

What are the severity specifiers for Alcohol Use Disorder?

Mild: 2-3 symptoms, Moderate: 4-5 symptoms, Severe: 6 or more symptoms

What defines Gambling Disorder?

A persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four or more criteria in a 12-month period.

What are the severity specifiers for Gambling Disorder?

Mild: 4-5 criteria met, Moderate: 6-7 criteria met, Severe: 8-9 criteria met

What are the shared features between Eating Disorders (ED) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD)?

Genetics, neurobiology, personality and temperament, and risk factors (e.g., stress, adverse events, trauma).

What are the genes implicated in the connection between Eating Disorders (ED) and Substance Use Disorders?

Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and Dopamine D2 receptor gene (A1 allele in the TaqIA polymorphism).

What is the function of Serotonin?

Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, digestion, learning, memory.

What is the function of Dopamine?

Involved in reward, motivation, attention, mood, and movement.

What are the transdiagnostic mechanisms that contribute to both Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders?

Reward system, impulsivity, emotion regulation, trauma and stressor-related symptoms.

According to the lecture, does medical marijuana negatively affect public health?

Medical marijuana laws generally do not worsen public health outcomes, and may improve some (e.g., reduced alcohol use).

What are the characteristics of Personality Disorders?

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the norms of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.

What personality disorders are in the DSM-5 Cluster A (odd/eccentric)?

Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal

What personality disorders are in the DSM-5 Cluster B (dramatic/erratic)?

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic

What personality disorders are in the DSM-5 Cluster C (anxious/inhibited)?

Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive

What are the main characteristics of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness; others’ motives seen as malevolent.

What are the main characteristics of Schizoid Personality Disorder?

Pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted emotional expression.

What are the main characteristics of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior.

What are the main characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, criminality, impulsivity, failure to learn from experience.

What are the main characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder?

Pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, affects, and marked impulsivity.

What are the main characteristics of Histrionic Personality Disorder?

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking.

What are the main characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

What are the main characteristics of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

What are the main characteristics of Dependent Personality Disorder?

Pattern of submissive, clinging behavior tied to an excessive need to be taken care of.

What are the main characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

What is the median personality disorder prevalence?

3.6% for Cluster A, 4.5% for Cluster B, 2.8% for Cluster C, and 10.5% for any personality disorder

What characterizes Negative Affectivity in the DSM-5 dimensional view of PD?

Emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity

What characterizes Detachment in the DSM-5 dimensional view of PD?

Withdrawal, anhedonia, intimacy avoidance

What characterizes Antagonism in the DSM-5 dimensional view of PD?

Manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity

What characterizes Disinhibition in the DSM-5 dimensional view of PD?

Irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility

What characterizes Psychoticism in the DSM-5 dimensional view of PD?

Unusual beliefs & experiences, eccentricity, perceptual dysregulation

What is the treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?

DBT and Multi-family group therapy

What is Criterion A of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years.

What is Criterion B of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

The individual is at least age 18 years.

What is Criterion C of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 years.

What is the treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on impulse control, empathy, and behavioral regulation

Grandiose is related to what disorder?

Grandiosity -> Narcissism

What are the costs related to psychopathy?

Annual costs estimated to be around US $460 billion

What is the childhood behavior of people who have psychopathy?

Most adults with psychopathy have exhibited callous and antisocial behavior from childhood

Clinical deficitis in cognitive function

Acquired rather than developmental

What Neurocognitive domains are in the NCD chapter of the DSM-5?

complex attention, executive functions, memory, language, perceptual motor skills, and social cognition

What are the DSM-5’s for Delirium?

Disturbance in attention and awareness develops over a short period of time

What are the DSM-5’s for Major Neurocognitive Disorder?

Evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level in one or more cognitive domains

What are the DSM-5’s for Mild Neurocognitive Disorder?

Evidence of modest cognitive decline from a previous level in one or more cognitive domains

What is the durations and time related to neurocognitive disorder?

No fixed time cutoff, but the course is progressive over months to years

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer’s?

Lifestyle factors: low educational status, midlife hypertension, obesity, and hearing loss, as well as late-life smoking, depression, physical inactivity, social isolation, diabetes

What is the pathology for Alzheimer’s?

Amyloid-predominant neuritic plaques, tau-predominant neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss observed microscopically

Is genetic testing useful for Alzheimer’s?

genetic testing for mutations is commercially available, although usually without clinical utility

What is a current treatment for Alzheimer’s?

Medications for mental function (e.g., Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Memantine)