geography paper 1

Flashcards covering key concepts from AQA Geography Paper 1 lecture notes.

What is a natural hazard?

A natural event that has a social impact, such as damage to property or loss of life.

What are the main types of natural hazards?

Tectonic, biological, geomorphological, and atmospheric hazards.

Why do people live in areas at risk from hazards?

People may not want to leave, believe defenses will protect them, or don't believe a hazard will occur.

What human factors affect the risk level of natural hazards?

Fertile silt is good for farming, cost of land/availability of housing, and climate change.

What are the layers of the Earth?

The crust, mantle, and core.

What causes the movement of tectonic plates?

Convection currents in the magma.

What are the three types of plate margins?

Destructive, conservative, and constructive.

What happens at a destructive plate margin?

Continental plate meeting a continental plate, resulting in the formation of mountains.

What occurs at a conservative plate margin?

Friction between the two plates leads to earthquakes, but there are no volcanoes.

What happens at a constructive plate margin?

Two plates move away from each other, allowing magma to rise and form new rocks.

What are primary effects of a natural hazard?

The first effects of a natural hazard on the population or buildings.

What are secondary effects of a natural hazard?

The after-effects of a natural hazard, occurring over a longer time scale.

What is the immediate response to a hazard?

How people react immediately as the event is happening and in the immediate aftermath.

What is the long-term response to a natural hazard?

How people react to a natural hazard in the weeks or months after it has happened.

What is a High Income Country (HIC)?

A country where the gross national income (GNI) is over $12,000 per person.

What is a Low Income Country (LIC)?

A country where the gross national income is less than $12,000 per person.

Give some example of planning for volcanic eruptions?

Mapping areas that will be affected, having evacuation plans, restricting land usage, emergency shelters and stockpile food

What planning can be put in place to prepare for earthquakes?

Using less destructive methods, mapping the areas to be affected, furniture fastened down, educating local population, and stockpiling food

What are some of the things you can do to prepare for earthquakes?

Mapping areas to show which ones will be affected, important buildings stores away from problem areas, educate population and stockpile

What factors affect the world's weather?

Pressure belts and climate cells.

What is the difference between hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons?

Hurricanes start in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, cyclones start in the Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans, and typhoons start West of the North Pacific Ocean.

What do tropical storms need to occur?

Low altitude, high sea temperature and the sea needs to be 60 to 70 meters deep.

In terms of planning what can we do to reduce the affects of tropical storms?

Storm shelters that are readily supplied and educating people so they know what to do.

What are sun spots

The magnetic activity within the sun will cause sunspots and dark spots.

What are some alternative energy productions?

Wind, solar, hydroelectric power, tidal, wave, geothermal, and these are all renewable energy sources and they do not emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

What are some adaptions to climate change that farmers can do?

Farming, droughts or pest resistant farming and wine and coffee grow in very specific temperature, climates, so people that used to farm them maybe can't farm them anymore.

What do producers and consumers get their energy from?

Producers get energy from sunlight and consumers get their energy fro producers from plants.

If we are looking at biomes, what do we need to think about?

Looking at a tropical rainforest one, they are going to be close to the Equator with high temperatures, high rainfall, low pressure, little seasonal variation, a large number of green plants, and they cover approximately 6% of the earth's surface, but have over half of the world's known species.

What are the different parts of the rain forest that you need to be aware of?

Top canopy, the middle canopy and the lower canopy.

What are the reasons for deforestation in the rainforest?

Commercial farming, mineral extraction and roads

What management strategies have been put in place to protect the rainforest?

Conservation and education by NGOs, governmental agreements on hardwood, restrictions and registration numbers to present illegal looting

Where are hot deserts mainly found and why?

They are mainly found between thirty degrees north and thirty degrees south and the climate is a global atmospheric circulation, lack of cloud cover and lack of rainfall but this brings extreme temperatures.

What are some of the challenges in the Thar Desert Pakistan?

Lack of water, extreme temperatures and difficulty to work for long periods of time in the extreme heat.

What can be done to reduce desertification

Plant trees to bind, stone walls to stop the soil washing away and alternative fuels for cooking

What is the difference between polar and Tundra regions?

Polar regions are very cold and have very little water where as Tundra regions are very cold but slightly warm where some water can come as rainfall

What factors affect a plants growth in a glacial area?

Lack of light, permafrost and poor soild drainage

What areas did we study for environmental challenges?

Iceland and Alaska

What two beaches need to be considered

Two different constructive waves and destructive waves. Constructive waves are going to be low waves and destructive waves are often associated with storms.

what is cliff collapse?

Cliff collapse is due to different types of weathering (mechanical, chemical and biological)

Where does erosion happen and what is erosion due to

Occurs in the upper middle courses and the river happens for a hydraulic action and abrasion

what kinds of engineering can be put in place in river systems

Hydrographs, damns and reservoir and embankments