AP HUGO - UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE

This is info from the study guide on unit 3 of AP Human Geography. I hope this helps! Good luck!

What is culture?

Shared practices, attitudes, behaviors, and technologies of a group.

What are cultural traits?

Food, religion, architecture, and land use.

What is cultural relativism?

Judging a culture by its own standards; promotes understanding.

What is ethnocentrism?

Judging other cultures by your own standards; promotes bias.

What is a cultural landscape?

The visible imprint of human activity on the land.

What is sequent occupancy?

Layers of human settlement and activity over time.

Give an example of a cultural landscape.

Religious buildings, architecture styles, bilingual street signs.

What do cultural landscapes reflect?

Cultural beliefs, ethnic identity, and attitudes toward land use.

What is a centripetal force?

A force that unites people, like shared language, religion, or nationalism.

What is a centrifugal force?

A force that divides people, such as ethnic conflict or discrimination.

What are cultural patterns?

Distribution of language, religion, ethnicity, and gender that shape identity.

Define diffusion.

The spread of ideas, behaviors, or innovations across space.

What is relocation diffusion?

People move and bring their ideas with them, such as migration spreading food or religion.

What is contagious diffusion?

Rapid, widespread diffusion like viral TikTok trends or diseases.

What is hierarchical diffusion?

Spread from authority or influencer to others, like fashion from celebrities.

What is stimulus diffusion?

Core idea spreads but changes to fit local culture, such as McDonald’s India adapting its menu.

What were historical causes of diffusion?

Colonialism, imperialism, trade, and migration.

How did colonialism affect cultural diffusion?

Spread languages, religions, and architecture worldwide.

What is creolization?

Blending of cultures to form something new, like Creole languages.

What is a lingua franca?

A common language used for trade and communication, such as English.

What are contemporary causes of diffusion?

Globalization, urbanization, media, and technology.

What is globalization?

Increasing worldwide connections that spread ideas and products.

What is urbanization?

Growth of cities that fosters cultural exchange.

What is time-space convergence?

Technology reduces the time it takes to connect across distances.

What is cultural convergence?

Cultures becoming more similar due to shared influences.

What is cultural divergence?

Cultures resisting change and remaining distinct.

What is a universalizing religion?

A religion that seeks followers worldwide, like Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism.

What is an ethnic religion?

A religion tied to a specific area or group, like Hinduism or Judaism.

How do universalizing religions spread?

Through expansion and relocation diffusion.

How do ethnic religions spread?

Mostly through relocation diffusion near their hearths.

What are language families?

Groups of related languages, such as Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan.

What is acculturation?

Adopting traits from another culture while keeping one’s own.

What is assimilation?

Fully adopting a new culture and losing one’s original traits.

What is syncretism?

Blending of two or more cultures into a new one, such as Tex-Mex cuisine.

What is multiculturalism?

Coexistence of multiple cultures in one society.

What are the effects of cultural diffusion?

Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism.

Give an example of acculturation.

Immigrants celebrating both U.S. and home-country holidays.

Give an example of assimilation.

A family completely adopting a new country’s culture and language.

Give an example of syncretism.

Combining elements of different cultures, like food or religion.

Give an example of multiculturalism.

Diverse neighborhoods where many cultures live together peacefully.

How has globalization affected cultural landscapes?

It creates similar buildings, restaurants, and signs around the world.

What is a cultural hearth?

The place of origin or starting point of a culture or innovation.

What is diffusion of religion?

The spread of religious beliefs from a hearth to new areas.

What is diffusion of language?

The spread of languages through migration, colonization, or trade.

How does media affect cultural diffusion?

It accelerates the global spread of trends and ideas.

What is time-space compression?

The reduced time it takes for something to diffuse due to technology.

How do trade and migration influence culture?

They spread food, language, and traditions across regions.

What are centripetal and centrifugal forces examples of?

Cultural forces that affect national unity or division.

How does technology influence cultural change?

It increases interaction and spreads new ideas faster.