AP Gov Unit 2 EXECUTIVE

What is the Executive Branch?

The branch of government, headed by the President, responsible for implementing and enforcing laws.

What are Formal (ENUMERATED) Powers of the President?

Powers specifically listed in Article II of the U.S. Constitution, such as:

1. Commander-in-Chief.
2. Granting pardons.
3. Appointing officials (with Senate confirmation).
4. Making treaties (with Senate consent).
5. Vetoing legislation.
6. Executing laws.

What are Informal Powers of the President?

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but exercised by the President, such as:

1. Executive Agreements.
2. Executive Orders.
3. Using the 'Bully Pulpit'.
4. Bargaining and Persuasion.

What is a Treaty?

A formal agreement between nations, negotiated by the President but requiring Senate approval (2/3 vote).

What is the State of the Union Address?

An annual speech given by the President to Congress, outlining the nation's condition and the President's policy agenda. Mandated by Article II, Section 3.

What is a Veto?

The President's constitutional power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress.

What is a Pocket Veto?

A veto used when the President doesn't sign a bill within 10 days, and Congress has adjourned, preventing its return. The bill then dies.

What is a Presidential Pardon?

A President's formal forgiveness for a federal crime, restoring rights. Absolute power, except in impeachment cases.

What is Executive Privilege?

The President's implied power to withhold confidential information from Congress or the judiciary, especially concerning national security. Not an absolute power (e.g., U.S. v. Nixon).

What is an Executive Agreement?

An international agreement made by the President without Senate approval. Has the force of a treaty.

What is a Signing Statement?

A written declaration by the President upon signing a bill, explaining their interpretation or how the law will be implemented. Can be controversial.

What is an Executive Order?

A presidential directive that manages federal government operations and has the force of law, without congressional approval. Can be challenged or revoked.

What is the War Powers Resolution (1973)?

A 1973 law limiting the President's ability to commit troops to conflict. Requires notification to Congress within 48 hours and troop withdrawal after 60-90 days without congressional approval. Often challenged by Presidents.

What is Impeachment?

The process where the House of Representatives formally accuses a federal official (like the President) of wrongdoing. The Senate then tries the official, requiring a 2/3 vote for conviction and removal.

What is the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?

A collection of agencies and staff that directly advise and assist the President in managing the executive branch and implementing policy. Includes the White House Staff, OMB, and NSC.

What is Bargaining and Persuasion in the Presidency?

The President's informal ability to negotiate and convince others (Congress, public) to support their policy agenda. Essential for legislative success.

What is the Bully Pulpit?

The President's unique platform to generate public attention and pressure Congress by speaking directly to the American people. Coined by Theodore Roosevelt.

What does 'Going Public' mean for a President?

A strategy where the President appeals directly to the American public for support to pressure Congress into action on policy.

What is Federalist No. 70?

An essay by Alexander Hamilton arguing for a strong, single President (unitary executive) for energy, accountability, and quick action, essential for good governance and national security.

What is Article II of the US Constitution?

The section of the U.S. Constitution that establishes the executive branch, defining the President's powers and duties, such as Commander-in-Chief, treaty-making, appointments, pardons, and executing laws.