Mass Incarceration and Social Inequality

Flashcards about Mass Incarceration and Social Inequality

What was the focus of Phase 1 of changes in sentencing policies in the U.S.?

Consistency and fairness

What was the focus of Phase 2 of changes in sentencing policies in the U.S.?

Certainty and severity

What occurred during Phase 3: Drift in sentencing policies?

Incremental changes, more mandatory minimums for some offenses; reductions in severity and rigidness for some offenses.

Changes to increase consistency and fairness of punishment, led to the establishment of ___.

Determinate sentencing laws

What was a component of The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (“1994 Crime Bill”?

Funding to build new state prisons if the state adopts truth in sentencing (serve at least 85% of sentence for violent crimes).

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 included a ___.

Federal three strikes law

What are some of the factors of how LWOP (Life Without Parole) came to be?

Alternative to the death penalty, tough on crime movement, truth-in-sentencing laws, mandatory minimum sentences

What is LWOP today?

A life sentence until death.

What % increase has there been in sentences using LWOP since 2003?

66%

What are the three racial caste systems in the United States?

Slavery, Jim Crow and Mass Incarceration

What are the changes in arrest and imprisonment of older adults in the last 30 years?

People 55 and older account for a greater share of arrests and people incarcerated than they did in the 1990s and early 2000s

According to the classical school of criminology, what are the components of the rational actor framework of criminal offending?

Certainty, celerity, and severity

Who coined the term Mass Incarceration?

David Garland (2001)

What are the drivers of Mass Incarceration?

Crime Rate, Probability of Arrest, Probability of Prison, Time Served.

According to Weaver et al. 2019, what did the criminal justice system slip from?

That arrest was low and strongly linked to offending to one where a substantial share of Americans experienced arrest without committing a crime.

What are the components of the Prison Industrial Complex?

Prison construction, prison vendors and prison industries

Name some services provided by prison vendors.

Phone calls, mail delivery, and food service

Which companies sell food produced by prisons?

McDonalds, Burger King, Whole Foods, Costco, Walmart and Target.

Name some Criminal Legal related Businesses.

Bail bond lenders, GPS monitoring, and Background check companies.

What is ALEC?

Lobbying group of large cooperations.