2420 micro bio tcc southeast Dr. Marlyn Brookins ch 1 (from slides)

What is Microbiology?

Study of microbes

what is a microbe

organisms so small that a microscope is needed to study them

What are the major groups of microorganisms?

Bacteria

Archaea

Algae

Protozoa

Fungi

Viruses

*Helminths

Where do

microbes live?

Microbes Exist Everywhere

(Ubiquitous)

Do all microbes induce disease?

no some are good other are bad

How are microbes essential to

the web of life?

Producers

Decomposers

Fixers (Nitrogen fixation)

Symbiotic relations

How do humans use

microorganisms?

Agricultural technology

and the Environment

bioremediation

Health care

antibiotics

Fuels

Industrial

Fermented Food and Beverages

-cheese- uses bacteria and fungi to ripen, subject to type of bacteria/mold

-alchoholic beverages- alchohol is produced by bacteriaor yeast from fruit juice or grain

-soy sause- fungal fermentation of soybeans

-vinegar- bacteria fermentation of sugar

-yogurt- produced by bacteria growing in skim milk

-artificial sweetener- amino acids synthesised from sugar by bacteria

-bread- dough rises via yeast making CO2

What are the Two Cell Types

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

cellular cells

fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea

acellular

viruses (protien+neucleic acid), Viroids (RNA), prions (protien)

how are microbes classified?

-- Carl von Linné

Swedish botanist - 2 kingdom system

Developed taxonomic system for naming plants, animals &

grouping similar organisms

Domains of Life

Three domains:

• Bacteria (prokaryotes)

unicellular

• Archaea (prokaryotes)

unicellular

• Eukarya (eukaryotes)

unicellular and

multicellular

Difference between Archaea and Bacteria

Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaea have unique phospholipids in their plasma membrane, which the tails of those phospholipids are made of isoprene.

Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Unicellular and

multicellular

• Kingdom Fungi

• Kingdoms Plantae

• Kingdom Animalia

• Protist - Algae and

Protozoa

Taxonomy

the ordered division

and naming, and

classifying living and

extinct organisms and

viruses

taxonomic groups from broad to narrow

the taxonomic groups

from broad to narrow

are domain,

supergroup, kingdom,

phylum, class, order,

family, genus, and

species

"Dear Super King Philip Came Over For Green Soup"

Binomial nomenclature

The two-part scientific name

• Genus name and species name

• Genus name always capitalized

• Species name never capitalized

• Both names either italicized or underlined

Different Strains have Same Name

E. coli O157 - pathogenic strain

E. coli K-12 - nonpathogenic strain

Autotrophic

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment. Function as consumers or decomposers in food chains.

Absorptive

taking nutrients directly from the environment

Ingestive

eating large particles and breaking them down inside the body

What Are Ancestors Knew

Ancient people recognized

communicable disease

Hippocrates (400BC) -Recognition of

communicable disease

leprosy was believed to be

extremely contagious and divinely

ordained

Transmitted by things that cannot

be seen

Isolated individuals thought to

carry "infections"

Survivors nursed the ill

Moldy bread used in Egypt to treat

wounds

Roman Sanitation and Public Health

Infrastructure

Miasma theory - attributed

diseases to 'bad air' from

decomposing materials.

influenced sanitation practices

of Greeks and Romans

ansen's disease

"Leprosy"

Etiology:

Mycobacterium leprae

Two clinical forms:

tuberculoid

lepromatous

"The Plague" or "Black Death"

Etiology: Yersinia pestis

• Transmitted via rodent fleas or handling infected animal

• Incidence

influenced quarantine practices (isolation of infected)

survivors immunity to past diseases was observed (they often treated the sick)

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

• Built first compound microscope

• 1st to view cork (plant cells) and mold

• Published Micrographia

• Coined the term "cell"

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)

• Dutch cloth merchant

• Made & used simple

microscopes

• First to observe single

celled organisms (bacteria

and protozoa)

• "Animalcules"

• By end of 19th century,

organisms were called

microorganisms

Which of the following is a prokaryotic

microbe?

a) Spirogyra porticalis, an algae found in freshwater lakes

b) Methanococcus jannaschi, Archaean that lives in marshes

c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a virus that infects

human white blood cells

d) Pelomyxa species, a large ameba found in ponds and other

surface water areas

e) Taenia solium, a parasitic tapeworm that infects pigs

b) Methanococcus jannaschi, Archaean that lives in marshes

What is the correct order of taxonomic

categories from the most general to the

most specific, including Dmain and

Supergroup?

31

A) Domain, Kingdom, Supergroup, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

Species

B) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Supergroup, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

C)Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

D) Supergroup, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

Species

C)Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is the correct order of taxonomic

categories from the most general to the

most specific, including Dmain and

Supergroup?

32

A) Domain, Kingdom, Supergroup, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

Species

B) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Supergroup, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

C)Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

D) Supergroup, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,

Species

C)Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

You discover a microbe growing in the boiling sulfur

springs in Yellowstone that lacks a nuclear membrane.

Based on the cell structure and extreme environment,

you hypothesize that the microbe is most likely a(n) ...

a) bacterial cell.

b) protozoan.

c) fungal cell.

d) archaeon.

e) virus.

d) archaeon