PHED 4507 Nutrition Final Exam

What is a Macronutrient

Nutrients required in larger amounts they provide energy to our bodies and consist of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

What is a Micronutrient

Nutrients that are required in smaller amounts consist of vitamins and minerals

What is Psychological Hunger

occurs when you have a desire to eat but feel no physical signs that your body needs food.

Physiological Hunger

When our stomachs are empty, they contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior.

What is RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowances which is the average daily intake lvl required to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy people in a particular life stage or gender group

What is AI for nutrition

Adequate Intake

What is DRI

Dietary Reference Intake they are used to assess and plan nutrient intakes of individuals and population

Measuring the % of total calories from a certain nutrient

calculate the nutrients calories then divide it by the total amount of calories in that food

What are the non essential nutrients early in life

The non-essential nutrients include nutrients that can be manufactured by the body. They include biotin, cholesterol, vitamin K, and vitamin D.

What are the Dehydration Mechanisms

ADH, thirst, and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Where is water lost from

perspiration, urine, feces, and breathing

What is the role of calcium in electrolytes

The electrolyte calcium is needed for muscle contraction

What is the role of potassium w/ electrolytes

carry an electric charge when dissolved in body fluids such as blood.

What is the role of chloride w/ electrolytes

Chloride is, after sodium, the most abundant electrolyte in serum, with a key role in the regulation of body fluids, electrolyte balance, the preservation of electrical neutrality, acid-base status and it is an essential component for the assessment of many pathological conditions.

What is the role of Sodium w/ electrolytes

It has a critical role in helping your cells maintain the right balance of fluid. It's also used to help cells absorb nutrients. It's the most abundant electrolyte ion found in the body.

What mechanisms regulate blood calcium levels

 parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol

What is the kcal count for 1 gram of carbs

4kcal

What is the kcal count for 1 gram of protein

4kcal

What is the kcal count for 1 gram of lipids

9kcal

Which macronutrient is the most energy dense

Lipids

What is the one vitamin that is stored in the body

Vitamin D

Which vitamins/minerals are antioxidants

vitamins C and E, selenium, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and polyphenols

What nutrients are essential in the first trimester of pregnancy

• Folic acid.

• Iron.

• Calcium.

• Vitamin D.

• DHA.

• Iodine

What nutrients are essential in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy

iron, vitamin B12, choline, iodine, vitamin A, and folate

What nutrients are essential in the third trimester of pregnancy

Folate, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Calcium, Choline, Iron, Iodine, Folate, Omega-3 Fatty Acids

What is vitamin B 1 and how does it work

Vitamin B 1 is thiamin and it helps to turn food into energy and to keep the nervous system healthy

What do the B vitamins do

help the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat

What is vitamin B2 and what does it do

Vitamin B2 is riboflavin and it help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy

What is viatmin B3 and what does it do

Vitamin B3 is Niacin and it helps with maintaining the health of your heart, blood vessels, and metabolism

What is vitamin B5 and what does it do

vitamin B5 is called pantothenic acid and it is critical to the manufacture of red blood cells

What is vitamin B6 and what does it do

vitamin B6 is called pyridoxine and it is important for normal brain development and for keeping the nervous system and immune system healthy.

What is B7 and what does it do

vitamin B7 is called biotin and it helps the body metabolize fats, carbohydrates, and protein. It also helps maintain a healthy nervous system, nails, hair and skin, among other functions.

What is vitamin B9 and what does it do

It is called folate or folic acid and it helps the body metabolize fats, carbohydrates, and protein. It also helps maintain a healthy nervous system, nails, hair and skin, among other functions.

What is vitamin B12 and what does it do

it is called cyanocobalamin and it helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells

What are the proteins that are crucial for bodily function

antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins

What are the different types of saccharides

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

What are the different types of monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose and galactose

What are the different types of disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

What are complex saccharides

consists of starches, glycogen, and fiber. They have 10+ carbohydrate molecules

What does a Saturated fatty acid structure look like

What does a monosaturated fatty acid structure look like

What does a polyunsaturated fatty acid structure look like (Omega-3)

What does a polunsaturated fatty acid structure look like (Omega-6)

What does a triglyceride structure look like

What does a phospholipid look like

Vitamin D deficiency/toxicity can lead to

Rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults for deficiency and hypercalcemia+ kidney failure for toxicity

Main vitamin B1 deficiency symptom

Beriberi

Main B-6 deficiency

anemia

the primary symptom of vitamin B-12 deficiency

megaloblastic anemia

Vitamin A deficiency/toxicity

you lose your ability to see under low-light conditions, and xerophthalmia for deficiency, and bone pain, + birth defects for toxicity

Vitamin K deficiency/toxicity

hemorrhages for deficiency, and toxicity can lead to the disruption of anticlotting medications

What micronutrients help w/ bone health

Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, magnesium, fluoride, vitamin C, iron, zinc, copper and silicon, vitamin K, and Boron

How do you analyze a food label

by looking at what micronutrients are on it and how they relate to your daily intake

What are some symptoms of PCOS syndrome

High testosterone, excess hair growth on face, acne, and a tendency to deposit fat around the waistline, there is also insulin resistance, higher chance of type 2 diabetes high blood pressure cardiovascular disease, and low glycemic-index eating pattern imrpoves fertility for women w/ PCOS

What is PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome; tiny cysts that surround the ovaries

What do women w/ PCOS have

Irregular or absent periods, difficulty becoming pregnant, and a higher than average rate of spontaneous abortions.

What are the key nutrients for a women to have during their pregnancy

Folate, antioxidants such as vitamin E+C, iron, zinc, and limited sources of saturated and trans fat

What organ exchanges nutrients for oxygen b/t the mother and the baby

The placenta

What is the glycemic index

is a rating system that ranks carbohydrates on a scale of 1-100 based on how much they raise blood sugar

What is the gestation period for a healthy infants

40 weeks

What enzyme helps digest carbohydrates

amylase

What enzyme helps digest protein

protease

What enzyme helps digest lipids

lipase

How are lipids digested

begins in the mouth then moves to the stomach and small intestine, where the majority of lipid digestion takes place

How are proteins digested

Once the protein reaches your stomach hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acid

How are carbohydrates digested

begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase starts the breakdown. After breaking down throughout the digestive system, monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream. As carbohydrates are consumed, the blood sugar levels increase, stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin

What are the water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins B and C

What are the fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A,D,E,K

What breaks down Sucrose

Sucrase

What breaks down Lactose

Lactase

What breaks down Maltose

Maltase

What are lipoproteins

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

How do lipoproteins work

They carry cholesterol through your bloodstream to your cells

What are the different lipoproteins

Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

What is the primary role of Chylomicrons

THey carry dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells

What is the primary role of VLDL

VLDL (Very Low density Lipoprotein) Carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to the cells

What is the primary role of LDL

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), it carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

What is the Primary role of HDL

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein), Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and, in turn, the excretion of it from the body

What is lipoprotein lipase

Is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

What is Low-Density Lipoprotein

• Bad cholesterol

• Originates from the liver

• Oxidized LDL particles are taken up by scavenger cells (WBC) to form atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels

• Primary risk of high LDL lvls:

• Promotes atherosclerosis

• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

How does HDL remove cholesterol from the blood

• May block the oxidation of LDL

• Reduces formation of atherosclerotic plaque

• Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease

What factors influence infertility in nutrition

Energy balance, excessive alcohol consumption, Excess body fat, a low glycemic index eating pattern, diets low in antioxidants, people who are low in iron and zinc, and a maternal iodine deficiency

What non nutrition-related factors can inhibit fertility

Exercise levels, smoking, genetic factors to name a few

How many essential amino acids are there

There are 9 essential amino acids

How many non-essential amino acids are there

There are 11 non-essential amino acids

What is the process for antioxidants

The supply free radicals w/ a electron, this helps break a chain reaction that can affect other molecules in the cell and other cells in the body.

What are the 5 areas in the world that have the lowest levels of chronic disease

Italy, Greece, Japan, Costa Rica, and USA*** bias article

What are the elements that make up Carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

What are the elements that make up proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

What are the elements that make up lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What is a food allergy

an immune system reaction that happens soon after eating a certain food

What is a food intolerance

occurs when the body has a chemical reaction to eating a particular food or drink

What are the symptoms of dehydration

• Headache, delirium and confusion.

• Tiredness (fatigue).

• Dizziness, weakness and lightheadedness.

• Dry mouth and/or a dry cough.

• High heart rate but low blood pressure.

• Loss of appetite but maybe craving sugar.

• Flushed (red) skin.

• Swollen feet.

What factors can influence a persons decision on what to eat

money, culture, friends/family, current lifestyle habits, amount they exercise, among other things

How do people develop an iron deficiency

not getting enough iron in your diet, chronic blood loss, pregnancy and vigorous exercise

What can chronically low Iron levels lead to

anemia

What can you change an anemic blood level

By taking supplements for iron and vitamin B9, and increase the amount of iron-rich foods that are in your diet

What are some symptoms of an iron deficiency

• Abnormal paleness or lack of color of the skin.

• Irritability.

• Lack of energy or tiring easily (fatigue)

• Increased heart rate (tachycardia)

• Sore or swollen tongue.

• Enlarged spleen.

• A desire to eat peculiar substances such as dirt or ice (a condition called pica)

What are the essential fatty acids

• 2 fatty acids must be supplied to by the diet to maintain health

• These are called linoleic acid which is an omega-6 fatty acid, and Alpha-linolenic acid which is an omega-3 fatty acid

What are the function of essential fatty acids

 Forms body structures, performs important functions for the immune and nervous systems, and produce regulatory compounds, such as eicosanoids and hormones