Micro Chapter 7 - UTA 2460 Dr. Parks

What are the 6 macronutrients?

1. hydrogen

2. carbon

3. oxygen

4. nitrogen

5. phosphorus

6. sulfur

The most abundant element in the body is _______________.

hydrogen

Micronutrients include many ______________ from Group 1 and 2.

metals

Micro and macro nutrients are essential to the function of many biochemical ______________ and, therefore, essential to ___________.

reactions, life

Organic molecules must contain ____________.

carbon

Organic molecules are connected through _______________ bonds.

covalent

Carbon forms _______ bonds, whereas nitrogen forms ___________, oxygen forms ________ and hydrogen forms __________.

four, three, two, one

Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions. They are inorganic because they do not contain ______________.

hydrogen

Carbon molecules can be arranged in __________, branched, or _____________.

chain, cyclic

Structural isomers have the same number and types of atoms. They __________ differently, which yield different molecules and are called __________________.

bond, isomers

Stereoisomers have the same sequence, the same structure, but different _______ shape.

3D

Enantiomers are related by their ____________ of each other.

reflection

Different types of enantiomers can have different properties, like taste or _____________________ effect.

therapeutic

__________________ are molecules that have the characteristic of chirality.

enantiomers

Chiral means that the mirror image (is/isn't) identical.

isn't

Some enantiomers have different _________ and function.

taste

Biological functional groups are groups of atoms with a specific chemical composition attached to a _____________ chain, branching, or cyclic formation.

carbon

_________________ are polymers assembled from individual monomers.

macromolecules

Some polymers are formed through _________________ synthesis.

dehydration

Many macromolecules are formed by linking together many identical or similar, _____________ molecules.

smaller

Carbohydrates are used as ___________ storage, receptors, food, structural role in ___________ and ____________, as well as exoskeletons in ______________.

energy, plants, fungi, insects

Lipids are __________ storage, _____________ structure, insulation, hormones, and pigments.

energy, membrane

Nucleic acid are __________ and _____________ of genetic information.

storage, transfer

Proteins are enzymes, structural support, receptors, transport, and play a role is the _______________ of a cell and its ________________________ matrix.

cytoskeleton, extracellular

3 carbon - ______________

4 carbon - _______________

5 carbon - _______________

6 carbon - _________________

trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses

Monosaccharides of ________ or more carbon atoms are typically more stable when they adopt a _____________ or ring structure.

4 (four), cyclic

Disaccharides use a ______________ bond.

glycosidic

Maltose is made of ____ glucose molecules.

2 (two)

Sucrose is made of _____________ and ____________.

glucose, fructose

Lactose is made from ______________ and ______________.

galactose, glucose

Polysaccharides use a _______________ bond.

glycosidic

Cellulose consists of a _________ chain of __________ molecules and is a common structural component in cell walls of ___________.

linear, glucose, plants

Glycogen and starch are ________________ polymers. Glycogen is a primary __________-storage molecule in animals and bacteria. Starch is energy storage in ____________.

branched, energy, plants

Different properties of carbohydrates are based on different _________________ bonds.

glycosidic

Fatty acids are long __________________ chains that are hydrophobic or (polar/nonpolar).

hydrocarbons, nonpolar

Lipids are naturally occurring substances that are _________________ (nonpolar) but are freely __________ in organic solvents.

hydrophobic, soluble

Saturated fatty acids contain only ___________ bonds and have the greatest number of _____________ atoms. They are _________ and flexible and _________ at room temperature.

single, hydrogen, straight, solid

Unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acids with at least one ____________ bond. They have fewer hydrogens, have a bend or ___________, are ____________ at room temperature and are normally _______________ than saturated fatty acids.

double, kink, liquid, healthier

Triglycerides are composed of ______ fatty acids and a _____________ molecules. They are __________-efficient storage molecules.

3, glycerol, energy

Phospholipids are lipids with _____ fatty acids groups, a ____________ molecule, and a _______________ group. They are considered _________________ (hydrophobic and hydrophilic).

2, glycerol, phosphate, amphipathic

The ________________ nature of phospholipids enables them to for unique functional structures in ______________________ environments.

amphipathic, aqueous

Micelles are _______________lipids with hydro__________ tails and hydro___________ heads.

phospho, phobic, philic

A phospholipid bilayer is composed of polar __________ and nonpolar ____________. They are the structural basis for ________________ and liposomes.

heads, tails, vescicles

Isoprenoids are ___________ lipids used for ________________ (capsaicin), pigments, and ________________(smell).

branches, pharmaceuticals, fragrances

In humans, wax is produces in _________________ glands and produce ________________.

sebaceous, sebum

A common bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes), generates __________-chain fatty acids and is involved in ___________ production.

short, acne

Steroids form ____________ structures in membranes, especially when there is no cell ________.

rigid, wall

Cholesterol is a _______________ used to strengthen cell ___________ in eukaryotes/bacteria without cell walls.

steroid, membranes

Bacteria produce ______________, which are similar to cholesterol and strengthen bacterial ______________.

hopanoids, membranes

Fungi and protozoa produces _______________, similar to cholesterol, which strengthens cell _________________ and is a target for ______________.

ergosterol, membranes, antibiotics

Amino acids are made of a ______________ atom, a _____________ group, an ______________ group, and an R-group all bonded to the same ___________ atom.

hydrogen, carboxyl, amino, carbon

The unique characteristics of the function groups and R groups allow amino acids to form ___________, ionic, and ______________ bonds,

hydrogen, disulfide

Oligopeptides are formed by joining less than _______ amino acids.

20

Polypeptides are formed with less than _______ amino acids.

50

Their is _____________ diversity when it comes to protein structure.

unlimited

The primary structure of proteins is the _______________ of amino acids. It is ___________ because of the nature of the bonds.

sequence, flexible

The secondary structure of amino acids uses _______________ bonding within the peptide ____________, which results in folding into a-___________ and b-______________.

hydrogen, backbone, helix, sheet

Tertiary protein structure uses _____________ bonding, ionic bonds, _________________ interaction, and ______________ bridges to form it's 3D shape.

hydrogen, hydrophobic, disulfide

Quaternary protein structure contains combined __________________. They are relatively __________ in structure and can only function if all subunits are appropriately structured and ____________.

subunits, weak, configured

When a protein has lost its ______________ and _______________ structure, without the loss of its primary, it is called __________________. It will then no longer be ______________.

secondary, tertiary, denatured, functional

A glycoprotein is a conjugated protein with a _________________ attached.

carbohydrate

A ________________ is a conjugated protein with a lipid attached.

lipoprotein

Conjugated proteins are important in _______________ of cells.

membranes

You can use _____________ and/or ___________________ characteristics to identify microorganisms.

phenotypic, genetic

MALDI-TOF

Identifies a microorganism by determining its ___________ and then comparing it. It ejects _____________ ions, which are collected and then compared.

mass, gaseous

FAME

__________ _________ are extracted and altered into volatile methyl _____________ and then analyzed by _______ chromatography.

fatty acids, esters, gas

PLFA

Measure the __________ profiles of the extracted fatty acids and compare.

lipid

Proteomic Analysis

Proteins from a pathogen are collected and become peptide ________________. They are identified by their _________ spectrometry and compared.

fragments, mass

Carbohydrate Analysis

________________ and other proteins attach to specific carbohydrates on the cell __________, causes clumping or ______________.

Lancefield Test

Identified by the _______________ attached to proteins on the plasma _____________.

antibodies, surface, coagulation, carbohydrates, membrane