all supreme court cases

Mapp vs Ohio

no warrant / phony warrant meant no evidence can be used in a state trial (created exclusionary rule)

Citizens United vs FEC

corporations, unions, & associations can express & directly support candidates; limiting contributions would violate their 1st Amendment right to free speech (SuperPACs created)

US vs Lopez

right to regulate commerce by the government isnt always valid; gave power back to states on gun regulations; limits commerce clause

Buckley vs Valeo

candidates can use as much of their own money as they want to run for elections under the 1st Amendment; eliminated limits on individual contributions

Korematsu vs US

Habeus Corpas suspended during wartime for Japanese Americans

Schenck vs US

speech that violated clear & present danger isnt protected under the 1st Amendment

Engel vs Vitale

school sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional

McCulloch vs Maryland

states cant tax the federal government / national bank; federal government grows in power

Tinker vs Des Moines

students have symbolic free speech rights protected at public schools

Clinton vs New York

line item vetoes by the president are unconstitutional (victory for legislative branch & check on executive branch)

Marbury vs Madison

established judicial review; set a precedent; federal government grows in power

Plessey vs Ferguson

separate but equal is protected under the constitution

Wickard vs Filburn

expanded commerce clause in 1942 so interstate commerce includes all types of commerce (including the right for a farmer to be required not to grow more grain than the limit even for personal use)

Brown vs Board of Education

separate but equal is not protected under the constitution & equal protection clause applies to all Americans

Gibbons vs Ogden

federal government can regulate interstate commerce through commerce clause (fed gov grows in power)

Miranda vs Arizona

defendants have the right to remain silent & to counsel; must read rights upon arrest

Gitlow vs New York

Bill of Rights must apply to every state under the due process clause (equal protection clause & incorporation doctrine)

Worcester vs Georgia

Cherokee Nation was a sovereign state (not enforced by president Jackson & led to Trail of Tears)

South Dakota vs Dole

withholding federal funds from states as a threat to make them comply with a law is constitutional

Bush vs Gore

stopped Florida recount for electoral votes in the state of Florida for presidential election

Nix vs Williams

evidence that would have been inevitably been discovered can be used (scales back exclusionary rule a little)

Obergefell vs Hodges

gay marriage is legal in every state (overruled Baker vs Nelson)

Wisconsin vs Yoder

Amish children dont have to attend school after 8th grade for religious reasons

Wesberry vs Sanders

one person one vote; legislative districts for House of Reps should be as even as possible in terms of population (“one person one vote” action being enforced)

New York Times vs US

the right to publish classified papers (Pentagon Papers) was protected under freedom of the press

Escobedo vs Illinois

defendant has a right to counsel during police interrogations as soon as an attorney is requested

Pollock vs Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

struck down national income tax imposed by the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act for being an unapportioned direct tax (5-to-4 desicion)

Shaw vs Reno

Gerrymandering along racial lines is unconstitutional (equal protection clause)

Barron vs Baltimore

Bill of Rights cant be applied to states

Gideon vs Wainright

counsel must be provided for defendants if they request it no matter how serious the crime

Lemon vs Kurtzman

ruled for specific guidelines to be set up regarding the relationship between public school, religion, the establishment clause, & government

Baker vs Carr

judicial branch can rule on legislative districts, previously all matters regarding elections were left to states (introduced idea of “one person, one vote”)

Miller vs California

modified its definition of obscenity from that of “utterly w/o socially redeeming value” to that which lacks “serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value”

Texas vs Johnson

flag burning is a symbolic form of free speech that is protected

Loving vs Virginia

legalized interracial marriages in the US

McDonald vs Chicago

the right for an individual to “keep & bear arms” as protected under the 2nd Amendment is incorporated by the due process clause & 14th Amendment

Betts vs Brady

state governments didnt have to provide legal counsel in capital cases; left to states to decide who deserved attorney (many convictions of innocent & illiterate ppl)

Dred Scott vs Standford

slaves are property in every state & territory in the US

Cherokee Nation vs Georgia

Cherokee Nation was a dependent nation

Shelby vs Holder

rolled back sections of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 returning more power to states (devolution)