5.1-5.4 APHuG

Tropical Climate

Coffee, Sugar, Pineapple

Subtropical Climate

Rice, cotton, tobacco

Dry Climate

Cattle, Sheep, goats, horses, camels

Mediterranean Climate

Grapes, Olives, dates, Figs, Lemons

Warm Mid-Latitude

Vegetables, fruits, rice

Cold Mid- Latitude

Wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

Yield

The amount of agricultural production harvested per unit of land

Genetically Modified Organism

An organism whose genome has been altered to promote specific traits that allow for increased production in livestock production and crop farming

Intensive Agriculture

Practices that often require less land, but require more capital and labor, and are traditionally located closer to larger population centers

Plantation Agriculture

A form of intensive farming that is typically done in periphery countries and former colonies located in tropical climates. They typically grow cash crops such as coffee, sugar, tobacco, and tea. They are often operated and controlled my countries in MDCs with the goal of exporting to core countries.

Cash Crops

Crops that are grown for sale on the market and not for use by the grower

Mixed Crop and Livestock Agriculture

A form of intensive farming that is done in economically developed countries. They will typically grow corn and soybeans to feed livestock before the slaughter.

Market Gardening

A form of intensive agriculture that is done in geographic areas that have longer growing seasons (EX: SE USA). They will typically grow fresh fruits and vegetables. Harvesting is often done by migrant labor and has large economies of scale.

Extensive Agriculture

Practices that tend to use less labor and capital, but require more land for the production of food

Shifting Cultivation

Extensive Agriculture that is often done in tropical climates (Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, or SE Asia). It involves finding a plot of land, typically a rainforest, and claiming it for agricultural purposes. Crops are planted continuously until the land loses fertility. Original land is left to fallow after nutrients have been used.

Fallow

Arable land that has been set aside for a period of time to allow for nutrients to return to the soil (no crops are grown on the land during this time)

Nomadic Herding

A form of extensive agriculture that is done is central and SW Asia or NE Africa. As the physical environment does not allow for traditional farming, herders move cattle, sheeps, or goats across it.

Ranching

A form of extensive agriculture that is located in areas not ideal for farming. Land is less expensive, which is important because space is needed for the animals. Ranchers will raise cattle far away from the population centers.

Clustered

A settlement that has very little space between different buildings (Also could be used to describe practices or objects in an area)

Dispersed

A settlement that is not clustered together and has space between the different buildings (Also could be to describe objects in area or practices)

Linear

Arrangement of objects, buildings, or practice in a line

Midwest

It is often dispersed so there are less daily interactions between citizens and farmers. The dispersed patterns let farmers use space more.

Terrace Farming

A method of farming that involves planting crops on graduated terraces built into the slope of a mountain or hill

Areas that use terrace farming

Houses are typically clustered and therefore have higher pop. densities. Citizens and farmers interact more.

Québec Canada

Has linear settlements along rivers, a main road, or path.

Long Lot

A narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects to a waterway (Originally popular in Europe and areas that were settled by the French such as Louisiana and Québec) It is typically seen with linear patterns which each parcel of land receiving water.

Metes and Bounds

A boundary that is based on landmarks in a geographic area to create the boundary (Originally popular in England). It is often used for short distances and used more frequently along the east coast and in Texas.

Township and Range

A survey method that creates a grid pattern by creating rectangular parcels of land. (Originally used in the United States) It uses longitude and latitude to create clear and distinct plots of land. This makes it easier to sell and manage land.

Fertile Crescent

Located between Euphrates and Tigris rivers

• Mesopotamia

The start of sedentary agriculture which came to be known as the Neolithic/ First Agricultural Revolution

• Saw humans move from hunting and gathering to farming

• Allowed for stable population to form

Diffused to Sub Saharan Africa

Fertile Crescent Crops

wheat, oats, and barley

Sub Saharan Africa Crops

Yams, Coffee, Sorghum

Central America Crops

Maize, Potatoes, Squash, Peppers

East Asia Crops

Rice, Soybeans

Southeast Asia Crops

Mangos, Coconuts, Bananas

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World

Americas to Europe, Africa, Asia

Squash, Peanuts, Tomatoes, Pumpkins, Cacao, Vanilla, Sweet Potatoes, Pineapples, Peppers, Beans, Tobacco, Corn

Europe, Africa, and Asia to Americas

Disease, Turnips, Bananas, Livestock, Olives, Grapes, Grains, Onions, Citrus Fruits, Peaches, Honey Bees, Coffee Beans, Sugar Cane

Potatoes

This/These crop(s) shaped life in the Old World due to it being higher in calories and easy to grow in surplus.

Silk Road

A network of trade routes connected China and the Mediterranean from roughly 130 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E

• Spread crops, inventions, and agricultural practices.

British East India Company

Traded throughout the world and traded crops, animals, technology, and plants

Agriculture

The deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

Neolithic Revolution

Also known as the first Agricultural Revolution, this is a time period in which humans shifted from hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural practices

Second Agricultural Revolution

Originated in Great Britain because of the Industrial Revolution

Cotton Gin, Seed Drill, Steel Plow, Grain Elevators, McCormick Reaper/ Harvester

New Technology that lead to Second Agriculture Revolution

Enclosure Movement

A movement in England which took agricultural land that was publicly owned by the community and privatized it. (Countered the tragedy of the commons and increased food production)

• Individual ownership increased efficiency on the growth of crops and animals

• Owners had a direct objective to maximize efficiency