juvienile delinquency

Two most intense periods of change in a youth's life?

infancy & adolescene

third leading cause of death for young people (ages 15-24)

sucicide

proportions of high school aged kids who have had sex?

47.4%

proportion of who report not using a condom?

39.8%

proportion of who report having more than four partners in their lifetime?

15.3%

amount of new STD cases that are young people

19% of young people with HIV cases

The connection between youth sexual orientation and suicide rates?

gay and lesbian teens are 2-3 more times likely to commit suicide, 30% being related to a sexual identity crisis

Poverty Limit (family of 4)? why is it important?

32,150 and poverty is linked to poor health, substandard housing, limited education, and increased risk of delinquency.

proportion of youth without health insurance

overall 20%

youth most likely to be uninsured?

22% hispanic children

three types of substandard housing?

physically inadequate housing, crowded housing, and housing costs of more than 30% of household income

conditions linked to substandard living conditions?

long term psychological issues, exposure to violence, malnutrition addiction, asthma, lead poisoning and etc

"Education is cumulative" means?

By 4th grade, children from families living in poverty are already behind higher-income families.

two definitions of juvienile delinquency?

A young person participates in illegal behavior.

a legal status in which the youth is/has been adjudicated and found involved.

status offenses definition?

acts that are illegal only because of the age of the offender. ex underage drinking

Four sources of data on juvienile delinquency

official: UCR NIBRS

self report surveys

victim surveys: NCVS

other sources: CDC, etc

surverys under each source?

UCR/NIBRS: FBI reports

Victim: suicide

Self Report: National Youth Survey, monitoring the future (offender study)

why is the UCR limited?

only includes reported crimes; uses hierarchy, lacks detail on juvienile delinquency

factors shaping delinquency trends?

age, gender, race, socioeconomics status, time/place, media, drug use, policy shifts

how do boys and girls differ in regards to arrests for juvienile delinquency

Males are significantly more delinquent than females.

violent crimes 4 to 1

property crime 2 to 1

what is the one offense where girls outnumber boys in number of arrests?

runaways

how were young offenders treated prior to the 19th century

youth treated like adults, imprisoned, whipped, executed

2 factors that drove for reform

urbanization and the reformers child saving moment

what is the house of refuge?

A care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment

where was the first house of refuge created

1825 in New York on Randall's island

what were the goals of the house of refuge

to save youths through education, hard work, and moral training

What is Ex Parte Crouse? Why is it important?

upheal parens patriae, states could intervene for childs best interest

What were orphan trains? What stopped their use?

relocated urban youth to farms; ended due to opposition and the great depression

What was the big contribution of society to the prevention of cruelty to children regarding JJ?

Advocated for laws protecting children from abuse/neglect

Which two states were the first to create laws requiring separate trials for youths?

massachusetts and New York

Where was the first Juvenile Court established?

Cook County, Illinois, 1899

Which act created the first juvenile court system?

illonois juvienile court act of 1899

What were the goals of the first Juvenile Court?

prevent crime, rehabilitate youth, act in the best interest

What principle governs the Juvenile Justice System?

parens patriae

What does "In loco parentis" mean?

in place of the parents

What were the main provisions of the act?

seperate courts, informal procedures, prohibition, seperation from adults

Why is Commonwealth (PA) v. Fisher an important court case?

affirmed JJ systems' rehabilitative role; no constitutional rights violated

Know the critical issues that were faced by the juvenile court system.

uneven implementation, warehousing, lack of due process

What are PINS?

persons in need of supervision - nonoffending youth under state care

what is In Re Gault and why they are important?

due process rights for juveniles 1967

what is In Re Winship and why they are important?

proof beyong reasonable doubt required 1970

what are the three populations that the JJ system has jurisdiction over.

delinquent offenders

status offenders

wards of the state

what is the maximum age of the JJ system?

varies by state (commonly 17)

what is Roper v. Simmons? why important

no death penalty for crimes commited under age 18

what is graham vs Florida? why important?

no life without parole for non homicide juvienile cases

what is miller vs Alabama? why important?

no mandatory life without parole for juveniles

what are the different decision points in the JJ system

arrest, detention, adjudication, wavier, disposition, placement

similaties in the CJ and the jj system

due process, discretion, plea bargains, probation, detention

differences in the CJ and the JJ system

Purpose, jurisdiction, formality, privacy, jury rights, record permanence