APWH Unit 7

Collapse of Ottoman Empire

This event occurred in 1918 as a result of internal factors, such as civic unrest, and external factors, mainly the empire's defeat during World War I and its occupation and partitioning by the victors. After a war of independence, Turkey emerged as a successor state in 1923.

Chinese Revolution

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government by the Bolsheviks which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He led the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Mexican Revolution

A response to unequal distribution of wealth and Porfirio Diaz's dictatorial rule; leaders included Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa; people wanted land reform, democratic government, and less foreign influence.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Result of Great Depression

governments became more active in economies

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Corporatism

A political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party; public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups. Associated with fascism in Italy.

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Indian National Congress (INC)

Political party of India that worked for independence; included Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945); fascist.

Nazi Party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Alliances of WWI

Allies - Triple Entente: Russia, Britain, France, US (joins later)

Central Powers - Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy (dropped out), Ottoman Empire (joins later)

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force; competition contributed to WWI.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

WWI Military Technology

machine guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. Includes propaganda, art, media, and nationalism. WW1 is an example of a total war.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Military Technology in WWII

atomic bombs, fire-bombing, increased wartime casualties

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Armenian Genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Cambodian Genocide

The four-year period saw the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political executions, starvation, and forced labor by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japans idea to create a colonial empire, an area dominated by Japan but for the "greater good" of the people involved

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Atomic Bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Fire bombing

tactic that is essentially napalm; US did this to Japan and ended up destroying 50% of the country; we only lost about 240 airmen in the attacks

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Czar Nicholas II

Russian Czar (a Romanov) during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence and imperialism in the country. A setback for Chinese development with the perception that China continued to weaken compared to Europe and Japan.

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 by Sun Yat-sen

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

What caused WW1?

\-Militarism

\-Alliances

\-Nationalism

\-Imperialism

\-Assassination of the -Archduke Franz Ferdinand

\-Conflict in the Balkans

M.A.N.I.A.C.

WW1 - Triple Entente (Allies)

France, Britain, Russia

WW1 - Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Italy, Austria Hungary, Germany

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

WW1 attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Western Front of WWI

Trench Warfare, small land gains, and ended in a bloody stalemate. Germany vs. Great Britain and France.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

This effectively took Russia out of the war and gave Lenin time to consolidate his power.

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Outcomes of WW1 peace deals on Germany

Loses navy, merchant marine, colonies, territory in the west (Alsace-Lorraine) and east (Poland, Czechoslovakia)

Allies occupy Rhineland (industrial center of Europe)

Allies and Wilson demanded democracy

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)

Wilson's 14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson proposed a 14-point program for world peace following WW1 that included the League of Nations

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Collectives

large farms leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers in Stalin's USSR

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population there in Czechoslovakia during WW2

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain (Great Britain), Daladier (France), Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler (Germany) that permitted Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland with the promise Germany would not conquer any more territory.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler in the lead up to WW2.

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other in WW2.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Mein Kampf

Influential book Written by Adolf Hitler describing his life and ideology.

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the PEACEFUL occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.