Psych 101 Final Exam

Which of the following provides the best definition of psychology?

Psychology is the study of mind and behavior

The acronym "WEIRD" refers to participants in psychological research. What does this acronym stand for?

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

June wants to study which parts of the brain are activated when we watch happy and sad movies. Which psychological perspective has June adopted?

biological-neuroscience

How do psychologists try to answer questions about abstract human experiences like love?

by asking empirical questions about the same topic from different perspectives in order to get a better view of the experience

The study of psychology is primarily a __________ endeavor.

scientific

Psychology studies tend to report their findings as "suggesting" that humans act a certain way. According to the textbook, what does this tentative language reflect?

Behavior often has multiple causes, so it is difficult to make absolute claims

Which headline should elicit the most skepticism?

"Science proves that cardio workouts are good for mental and physical health."

What does it mean to say that psychology is summative?

Psychology rests on a body of knowledge that is continuously growing

Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?

Patrawat believes that airplane crashes are more common than car crashes and regularly searches for plane crash stories online to back up her claim.

The overconfidence effect refers to our tendency to

be more confident in our intuitions than in opposing evidence

The Little Albert study illustrates the fact that some psychological studies in the past

Were highly unethical.

Psychologists primarily rely on __________ to reach their conclusions

Scientific methods

All of the following are problems that result from relying on our personal experience to form conclusions about the world EXCEPT that

we are usually fully aware of our own biases.

As a final step in the scientific process, researchers will share their results in a peer reviewed journal. What is the purpose of publishing in a peer reviewed journal?:

to help ensure that the published study was important and well conducted

Forming beliefs based on systematic, objective observations is the basis of which of the following?

the scientific method

The theory-data cycle in psychology consists of three steps: (a) collect observations; (b) develop a set of propositions about what people do and why; and (c) predict an outcome. Which of the following represents the correct order of these steps?

b,c,a

Why is replication a beneficial scientific practice?

A theory is stronger when multiple studies find similar results.

In psychology, a(n) __________ is a set of propositions explaining how and why people think, feel, and act in certain ways

theory

In his study on self-esteem and social media, Chris believes that people with lower levels of self-esteem will post less frequently on social media. What does Chris's belief represent?

hypothesis

Suppose researchers want to test the effectiveness of several different antidepressants. To do so, they give different groups of people different medications and ask them about their depressive symptoms throughout the study. In this scenario, the depressive symptoms are the __________ variable.

measured

What are the cellular building blocks of the brain?

neurons

Neuroscience is primarily concerned with understanding

how the brain and body communicate

To move your finger, a signal starts in the cerebral cortex, which then travels to the spinal cord and then to your finger muscles to enable movement. This demonstrates:

top-down processing

Bryan decides to start running a half-marathon. He moves his feet and swings his arms as he starts to go faster and faster. Which neuron type is most likely directly responsible for his running actions?

motor neurons

Alexi moves from a hot room to a very cold room. In the very cold room, Alexi begins to shiver from being cold. Which neuron type is most likely responsible for registering this extreme change in temperature?

sensory neurons

The majority of the brain's neurons are interneurons. This indicates the importance of __________ in the brain

connections

For what are the three main types of neurons responsible?

Connections, sensation, and movement

The two main components of the nervous system are the __________ and __________.

Central; peripheral

The biological instructions in your __________ and your lived experience each contribute to making up the person you are

genes

Which structure connects the brain to the rest of the body?

The spinal cord

The __________ is a network of glands that release hormones into your bloodstream.

endocrine system

To test someone's hearing, an audiologist plays a variety of tones to identify the faintest tone that someone can hear with 50 percent accuracy. This kind of test assesses a person's __________ threshold.

absolute

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between sensory thresholds and sensitivity?

They are negatively correlated with each other

Adding a teaspoon of sugar to a small coffee will make the coffee taste much sweeter than if a person adds the teaspoon to a large coffee, even though it's the same amount of sugar. This phenomenon best exemplifies which of the following?

Weber's Law

Terrance is color-blind. Based on this information, we can conclude that Terrance likely has a deficiency in which part of his eye?

Cones

Portia is reading a book. Portia's eyes are constantly moving so that each letter and word is continuously focused on by which part of their eye?

Fovea

If someone was to stare at a clear blue sky for a long time and then look away, what color would the person see immediately afterward?

yellow

Lucy has been diagnosed with myopia. What would she have the most trouble reading?

the blackboard at the front of the classroom

Tonita is flying in an airplane for the first time, and she notices that her ears feel like they are popping as the air pressure in the plane changes. Which part of Tonita's ear is responsible for this popping sensation?

eardrum

Compared to __________, which emphasizes that different pitches are perceived due to stimulation of different locations on the basilar membrane, __________ emphasizes that different pitches are a function of how often cilia fire.

place theory; frequency theory

When Neva's mother turns off the lights at bedtime, the room goes pitch-black and Neva gets scared. Her mother reminds her that she has a "superpower": if she waits about half an hour, her eyes will adjust and she'll be able to see better in the dark. What phenomenon is Neva's mom referring to?

Dark adaptation \

In 2010, Dr. Amy Cuddy launched a study that would not only rock the world of social-psychology, but also would go mega-viral on her TedTalk, help bolster her best-selling book, and help book her several professional speaking gigs. It would also put her in the crosshairs of much criticism and controversy. Which category of research best describes Cuddy's 2010 study, "Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance"?

Experimental

How many men were participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study for Untreated Syphilis?

600

The men in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were NOT informed that they were participating in a scientific study and their documented consent to participate in what little they did know about the study was never gathered. Because they were not informed of the study's true nature, it is substantially less likely they could have made the informed decision to self opt out of the study. Although this study violates several core principles of research ethics as established by the International Review Board (IRB), which principle is specifically violated from the information above?

Autonomy

Phineas P. Gage was an American railroad foreman working with demolition for clearing the mountainous terrain for construction. In 1948, in what should have been a normal day at work, Gage accidentally struck a tamping iron that then ignited gunpowder, causing this iron rod to blast through part of his head. He then lived for 12 years after this event. From what we know, most likely due to the very specific head trauma sustained from this event, what was changed about Gage?

Personality features and impulse control

Phineas P. Gage was an American railroad foreman working with demolition for clearing the mountainous terrain for construction. In 1948, in what should have been a normal day at work, Gage accidentally struck a tamping iron that then ignited gunpowder, causing this iron rod to blast through part of his head. He then lived for 12 years after this event. What region of his brain sustained the most damage from this blow?

Frontal Lobe

The Freeman-Watts Transorbital Lobotomy was first invented in 1945, and then popularized through the late 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. This primitive form of brain surgery involved the one performing the procedure to maneuver a tool much like an ice pick behind the eye socket and into the brain to alter its structure and function. The goal was to separate what two parts of the brain?

Frontal Cortex and Thalamus

The Freeman-Watts Transorbital Lobotomy was first invented in 1945, and then popularized through the late 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. This primitive form of brain surgery involved the one performing the procedure to maneuver a tool much like an ice pick behind the eye socket and into the brain to alter its structure and function. What was the intended goal behind separating parts of the brain in this procedure?

To render patients more docile and calm

What is synesthesia?

The merging of senses

In 2010, Dr. Amy Cuddy launched a study that would not only rock the world of social-psychology, but also would go mega-viral on her TedTalk, help bolster her best-selling book, and help book her several professional speaking gigs. It would also put her in the crosshairs of much criticism and controversy. Then, in 2015, Dr. Eva Rainhill repeated Cuddy's 2010 study with slight modifications, and could only manage to support one of Cuddy's findings (self-reported increases in confidence). Rainhill's findings simultaneously, and notably, went against one of Cuddy's more major findings (hormonal increases in confidence). This ultimately helped to validate more doubts on Cuddy's original findings. Which statement does this occurrence help to promote the MOST?

The importance of replication in scientific study

Consciousness refers to our awareness of

ourselves and what is around us

After failing to solve a math problem correctly, Caesar reflects on the steps he used to solve the problem and tries to identify his mistakes. Caesar is using

metacognition.

Muhammad loves the color of Carol's new sports car, which they both initially describe as bright red. After thinking back to what he learned about consciousness, Muhammad starts to wonder if they both perceive the car's color in the same way. This dilemma is part of the __________ problem

inverted spectrum

One problem with using introspection to understand consciousness is that introspection relies on __________, so people may not report their experiences honestly

self-report

Dani has synesthesia, wherein she experiences specific tastes when she sees certain colors. Iman also has synesthesia but experiences different tastes from Dani when he sees the same colors. The following statements are limitations of using introspection to study consciousness. Which limitation do Dani's and Iman's experiences best reflect?

We never know how our conscious experience compares to someone else's.

Tonii is driving while using her cell phone in hands-free mode. According to research on distracted driving, her driving will

be equally impaired as someone who is legally intoxicated, but in different ways.

Research findings show that slow-wave sleep weakens neural connections that are less used, and REM sleep replays patterns of neural activity that represent new experiences. Which theory of the function of sleep do these findings support?

Sleep helps us learn and remember.

How do dreams in REM sleep differ from dreams in non-REM sleep?

: REM sleep dreams involve more action and emotion

Nico wants to stop vaping, but each time he tries to stop, he has terrible headaches. Nico goes back to vaping to get rid of the headaches. Nico's experience demonstrates

withdrawal

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams consist of __________ content and __________ content.

latent; manifest

What is the process by which we change our behavior in response to prior experience?

learning

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between non-associative and associative learning?

Non-associative learning involves increased or decreased sensitivity to one stimulus, while associative learning involves forming connections between stimuli and responses.

What is the difference between the unconditioned response (UR) and the conditioned response (CR)?

The CR represents a learned adaptive response used to cope with the environment, while the UR represents the automatic response to the US.

Selina's friend Ashley always has a drink with her lunch but wants to decrease her reliance on alcohol in social situations. Based on Selina's knowledge of classical conditioning from her introductory psychology course, what would she recommend to her friend?

regularly eat lunch without alcohol until the urge to drink during social situations diminishes

Josh's roommate, Kalief, regularly works early morning shifts for his job that begins hours before Josh needs to wake up for class. Josh remains unbothered by the sound of Kalief's alarm but still wakes up for his own alarm later in the morning. What is this an example of?

discrimination

When Allie was a child, they were involved in a car accident when it was thundering outside. Allie is now terrified of thunder and becomes anxious when it rains, even if there is no thunder present. What is this an example of?

generalization

Which of the following is true about extinction?

Extinction is the brain learning to not respond because the CS is no longer associated with the US.

Which of the following best describes why spontaneous recovery happens?

Some learning may never be forgotten, just suppressed.

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning involves forming associations between behaviors and consequences.

According to the law of effect, we are more likely to engage in behaviors that are followed by __________ outcomes and more likely to reduce behaviors that are followed by __________ outcomes.

: positive; negative

The __________ component of memory refers to having information in mind that is available for later access.

storage

To successfully remember information, we need to first successfully __________ the information

encode

From first to last, what are the stages of memory, in the proper order?

encoding, storage, retrieval

Maya opens the door to her lecture hall and takes in the large number of students present, but she quickly forgets the details she is not paying attention to, like what the students are wearing or where they are seated. Which type of memory is Maya experiencing?

sensory

Briana notices that when she is in class, it seems like she can remember what her professor is saying by hearing it in her head more easily than she can recall what her professor writes on the board. Why might Briana's memory of what she hears last longer than her memory of what she sees?

Briana's hearing occurs over a longer period than vision.

Your friend needs to memorize as many World War II battles as possible for a history exam. What advice would you give your friend as a strategy to help increase the amount of information the friend can store in short-term memory?

group the names of the World War II battles into chunks that are meaningful to your friend

What should your friend do to use the strategy of chunking to remember as many digits of the number pi as possible?

Your friend should split the digits of pi into groups and practice remembering those groups in sequence.

According to the serial position curve, if we are shown a list of words, which words are we most likely to remember?

words at the end and beginning of the list

Someone who cannot remember their first drum lesson but can play the drums may have a problem with __________ memory, but their __________ memory is intact.

episodic; procedural

Jeanine knows there are seven continents in the world, but she doesn't remember where she first learned that information. Jeanine's memory for the seven continents in the world is an example of __________ memory.: semantic 81. Which statement accurately describes motives?

Motives are forces that lead an individual to behave in a certain way

When Raul returns home in the late afternoon after three days of hiking and two nights of sleeping in a sleeping bag, he feels exhausted and immediately gets into his bed and sleeps until the next morning. How would the drive-reduction account of motivation explain Raul's behavior?

Raul's unmet physiological requirement for rest prompted him to seek homeostasis with a prolonged sleep.

Which statement about homeostasis is accurate?

Deviations from homeostasis create an internal state of tension called a drive.

Which condition can be considered a type of pain?

agitation due to lack of sleep, sadness due to social rejection, physical irritation due to injury

The __________ refers to the common brain network that is activated by the various types of pain.

pain matrix

Henry owns a bakery in a small Midwestern town. He greatly enjoys the process of baking, especially the feelings of relaxation and creativity he has when mixing ingredients and working by the warm oven on cold days. He also feels very pleased when customers purchase his pies. What motivates Henry's baking?

both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards

Your friend is hosting a catered dinner party at his house tomorrow night. You are highly motivated to attend because you always enjoy the company of his friends and the food from the restaurant that is catering the event. These feelings of wanting originate __________ and then travel to __________.

near the brainstem; the amygdala

Which of the following arrangements correctly orders Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of motives from lowest-order motives to highest-order motives?

physiological ’ safety ’ belonging ’ esteem ’ self-actualization ’ self-transcendence

Which of the following describes Dweck's need for control?

The combination of the need for predictability and competence

Gwendolyn demonstrates the qualities of a fixed mindset in her beliefs about intelligence. Which of the following is most likely to describe Gwendolyn's disposition?

She focuses on the goal of looking and feeling smart.

While a variety of emotions can become learned responses to various unconditioned stimuli, what strong emotion was primarily used as an example in class?

Anxiety

Classical Conditioning & Anxiety: What does a paired association refer to?

A successful and learned pairing between an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response, which then becomes a conditioned response.

Classical Conditioning & Anxiety: Scott goes to see his dentist, Lynsey, and has a terribly unfortunate and painful experience. The next time Scott goes to the dentist's office, he finds that pulling into the parking lot, walking into the office, and seeing Lynsey's white lab coat cause him to sweat and quicken his breathing. Puzzling enough, Scott experiences the same symptoms when visiting his regular doctor Ben's office for a mere physical as well. What best describes the phenomenon resulting from this conditioning?

A paired association with anxiety, generalized to health professionals in general.

Classical Conditioning & Anxiety: Feelings of anxiety can often form paired associations with stimuli in the environment through Classical Conditioning. However, these same paired associations can be unlearned by a therapeutic intervention called Behavioral Therapy. Behavioral Therapy actually relies on what type of learning?

Operant conditioning

Missing in Action: Giulio Canella: In 1926, Collegno Mental Hospital took in a man who had no recollection of his identity and no prior memories. While there, he would be classified as "Unknown". The staff at Collegno diagnosed this man with amnesia. What type of amnesia was this?

Retrograde Amnesia

Missing in Action: Giulio Canella: Alfredo Coppola was commissioned to help provide expert witness to the nature of this Man In Question's (MIQ's) amnesia. Coppola used a variety of early, yet innovative, neurological tests to assess this amnesia. What was one primary test that Coppola used?

Ziehen's Test

Missing in Action: Giulio Canella: The neurological test from the previous question involved a short-term memory test recalling a short sequence of numbers. The MIQ could somewhat remember short number sequences, but he would frequently incorrectly recall the first and last numbers of the sequence. What was the significance of this finding?

Failing to repeat back accurately even a short list of numbers is not a typical side effect of retrograde amnesia. Additionally, the subject would incorrectly recall the first and last numbers of some lists

Missing in Action: Giulio Canella: Alfredo Coppola ultimately concluded beyond a shadow of a reasonable doubt that the Man in Question's true identity was

Mario Bruneri

Marshmallow Test: What was one outcome from Walter Mischel's Marshmallow Test?

The children who were able to wait for their reward had stronger self-control and delay of gratification later on in life

Marshmallow Test: One of the more significant findings with Walter Mischel's experiments was a correlation between what two factors?

Early displays of self-control and higher SAT scores later in life

When he was a child, Charlie had a lot of trouble with math.Eventually, he developed the belief that he would never be able to perform well, no matter how hard he tried. Even after he got personalized tutoring to meet his needs, he continued to believe there was no point in trying in his math classes, since he would fail anyway. What is the name for these kinds of beliefs?

Learned helplessness