appendicular skeleton

bones of upper limb

how many bones TOTAL are there in bones of the upper limbs?

64

how many bones PER SIDE are there in the upper limb bones?

32

what are the bones of the upper limbs?

* clavicle
* scapula
* humerus
* radius
* ulna
* 8 carpals
* 5 metacarpals
* 14 phalanges

what bones make up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

what 2 things articulate through the pectoral girdle?

arm articulates with trunk through the pectoral

what does the clavicle articulate with medially?

sternum and sternoclavicular joint

what does the clavicle articulate with laterally?

acromion at acromioclavicular joint

what are the 2 ends of the clavicle?

* acromial end
* sternal end

which end of the clavicle is more flat?

sternal end

what side is the coronoid tubercle on?

inferior/underneath side

what structures are on the sternal end of the clavicle?

* costal tuberosity, costoclavicular ligament, sternal facet

what structures are on the acromial end of the clavicle?

* conoid tubercle
* coracoclavicular ligaments

what is the difference between a tubercle and a tuberosity?

* tubercles are prominent ridges, larger, more like a process
* tuberosity’s are a roughed up surface and very small

what does the clavicle act as a brace for?

longitudinal compression

what does the clavicle help keep in position?

the scapula

what connects the axial and appendicular skeleton?

the clavicle

the clavicle is palapable, what does that mean?

you can feel it on yourself

what injuries are most common with the clavicle?

* fracture of the medial portion
* dislocation of AC joint

what limits the ROM of the shoulder?

the clavicle

what are the 4 movements of the shoudler?

* elevation
* depression
* retraction
* protraction

what are the 4 fossa of the scapula?

* glenoid
* supraspinous
* infraspinous
* subscapular

where is the glenoid fossa?

articulation between the scapula and the humerus

where is the supraspinous fossa?

* back of scapula
* above spine of scapula

where is the infraspinous fossa?

* back of scapula
* below spine of scapula

what lies on either side of the suscapular notch?

the superior border and the coracoid process

what are the 3 borders of the scapula?

* lateral
* medial
* superior

where is the neck of the scapula located?

‘underneath’ the glenoid fossa

what is a corocoid process?

process of the scapula

* for muscle attachment

what is a coronoid process?

process of the ulna

* for muscle attachment

what are the 3 processes of the scapula?

* acromion
* coracoid
* spine

where is the shaft of the humerus located?

the long middle part

what features are on the shaft of the humerus?

* deltoid tuberosity
* radial groove

what is the role of the deltoid tuberosity?

muscle attachment (of the deltoid muscle)

what passes through the radial groove?

radial nerves

what is at the proximal end of the humerus?

* head
* anatomical neck
* surgical neck
* greater and less tubercles

which neck is immediately after the humerus head?

anatomical neck

what is at the distal end of the humerus?

* capitulum
* trochlea
* radial fossa
* coronoid fossa
* olecranon fossa
* medial epicondyle
* lateral epicondyle

does the capitulum articulate with the radius or the ulna?

radius

does the trochlea articulate with the radius or ulna?

ulna

on the distal end of the humerus, what 3 things are seen anteriorly?

* radial fossa
* coronoid fossa
* capitulum

on the distal end of the humerus, what 4 things are seen posteriorly?

* medial epicondyle
* lateral epicondyle
* trochlea
* olecranon fossa

what shapes are the heads of the ulna and radius?

flat

what is the interosseous membrane? what is it made out of?

* area between ulna and radius
* connects radius to ulna
* made of fibrous tissue

what features are at the proximal end of the radius?

* head
* neck
* radial tuberosity

where is the radial tuberosity located?

right under the neck of the radius

what features are at the distal end of the radius?

* radial styloid process
* ulnar notch of radius

what view is the radial tuberosity visible?

anterior view

where is the radial notch?

* proximal end of ulna

where is the ulnar notch?

distal end of radius

what features are on the proximal end of the ulna?

* olecranon process
* coronoid process
* ulnar tuberosity
* trochlear notch

what muscle attaches to the olecranon process?

triceps brachii

what features are at the distal end of the ulna?

* ulnar styloid process
* ulna head

what are the proximal carpals?

* scaphoid
* lunate
* triquetrum
* pisiform

what are the distal carpals?

* trapezium
* trapezoid
* capitate
* hamate

how many carpal bones are there PER WRIST

8

which is the most fractured carpal bone?

scaphoid

how is the scaphoid most commonly fractured?

fall on outstretched hand

* forced dorsiflexion

if the scaphoid is broken x or x, it can be hard to heal (why?)

proximally or middle

* due to poor blood supply

what 3 things do all metacarpals have?

* base
* body
* head

how many phalanges do we have PER HAND?

14

what 3 things does every finger have? whats the exeption?

* proximal phalange
* body
* distal phalange

(thumb does not have body)

how many metacarpals are there in EACH HAND?

5