Ch 25 - Internal Computer Hardware

Processor

Executes program instructions in order to run applications

Main Memory

Includes RAM and ROM, responsible for storing program instructions and frequently used data, enabling quick execution of instructions.

RAM

Stands for Random Access Memory, a type of fast main memory used to store data and programs currently in use by the computer. Programs not currently in use will be wiped from the RAM (RAM is volatile).

ROM

Stands for Read Only Memory; A type of memory that cannot be modified and is useful for storing permanent data and fixed sequences of instructions like a computer’s startup routine.

Addressable Memory

The concept of storing data and instructions in memory with discrete, unique addresses.

Buses

A series of parallel wires that connect internal components of a computer system, allowing data to be passed both ways. The number of wires is called the width. The larger the width the faster the number of bits can be transferred simultaneously.

Data Bus

Sends data and instructions to and from different components of the computer system; increasing its width increases the volume of data transferred.

Address Bus

Used to transport memory addresses from the CPU to memory, specifying where data is to be sent or retrieved; increasing its width increases the range of addresses it can specify.

Control Bus

Transfers control signals between the CPU and other components, which regulates the operations of the computer system

Input/Output (I/O) Controllers

Hardware that controls the communication of data between the processor and external hardware devices, such as keyboards.