adult/elder quiz one - chapter two

stress

a state of worry or mental tension created by a demanding situation; involves interaction between the nervous, endocrine, and immune system

stressor

a physical/emotional event that causes stress

responses to stressors depend on:

perception, resilience, hardiness, attitude, and social support

stress may cause

increased BP, increased alertness, increased HR, muscle tension, changes in breathing

long-term stress can contribute to

poor concentration, memory problems, sleep disturbances, impaired decision making, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, worsening of conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and anxiety

positive coping

exercise, social support, relaxation, meditation, journaling

negative coping

substance abuse, denial, avoidance

relaxation response

opposite of stress response; effects: decreased HR, RR, BP, muscle tension, sympathetic activity; examples: imagery, meditation, biofeedback, massage, music, prayer

pain

complex, multidimensional experience involving: physiologic, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, sociocultural dimensions; vital sign; subjective; cannot be judged by body language; believe patient’s report!

somatic nociceptive pain

well localized (easy to pinpoint), sharp, aching, throbbing (skin, muscle, bones, joints)

visceral nociceptive pain

poorly localized (hard to locate), deep, cramping, or pressure (internal organs)

neuropathic pain

burning, shooting, stabbing, electric, numbing pain (nervous system - nerve pain)

acute pain

identifiable cause; normally decreases as healing occurs; associated with an injury, illness, or procedure

chronic pain

persists for longer period; often defined as >3 months or beyond the expected healing period

pain assessment

onset, duration, location, intensity, quality, pattern (OLDIQP)

nonopioids

first line of defense to manage mild-to-moderate pain and inflammation

opioids

highly potent controlled substances used to manage moderate-to-severe acute or chronic pain

adjuvant analgesics

medications originally designed to treat other conditions (like depression or seizures) that are found to relieve specific types of pain

common effects of opioids

constipation, nausea/vomiting, sedation, pruritus (itchy skin)

adverse effects of opioids

repiratory depression

multimodal analgesia

uses two or more classes of analgesics or methods to improve pain control while lowering doses

physical non-drug management

massage, exercise, acupuncture, hot/cold packs

cognitive - behavioral pain management

hypnosis, meditation, guided imagery