UNIT 3: URBANIZATION PLANET & SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN

Affordable housing

n, /əˈfɔːdəbl ˈhaʊzɪŋ/, Nhà ở giá rẻ / Nhà ở xã hội, Housing units deemed affordable to those with a household income at or below the median., "The municipal government invested in affordable housing to combat escalating rent prices.", social housing, subsidized housing, low-cost housing

Air pollution

n, /eər pəˈluːʃn/, Ô nhiễm không khí, The release of harmful pollutants, chemicals, and particulates into the atmosphere., "Vehicle emissions and factories are primary drivers of air pollution in megacities.", atmospheric contamination, smog, airborne toxins

Air quality

n, /eə ˈkwɒləti/, Chất lượng không khí, A measurement of how clean or polluted ambient atmospheric air is., "Urban sensor networks monitor air quality index (AQI) continuously across districts.", atmospheric condition, clean air standard

Basic services

n, /ˈbeɪsɪk ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/, Dịch vụ cơ bản, Fundamental public amenities necessary for health and living, such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity., "Rapid urbanization often strains the capacity of local authorities to deliver basic services.", essential utilities, fundamental public services

Bike lanes

n, /baɪk leɪnz/, Làn đường cho xe đạp, Dedicated road lanes or off-street paths designated exclusively for bicycles., "Constructing protected bike lanes encourages residents to choose cycling over driving.", cycle tracks, bicycle paths, bikeways

City growth

n, /ˈsɪti ɡrəʊθ/, Sự tăng trưởng đô thị / Sự phát triển thành phố, The physical expansion and demographic population increase of an urban territory., "Unregulated city growth often leads to urban sprawl and loss of surrounding farmland.", urban expansion, metropolitan development

Clean energy

n, /kliːn ˈenədʒi/, Năng lượng sạch, Energy derived from renewable, zero-emission sources such as wind, solar, and hydro., "Transitioning the power grid to clean energy drastically reduces carbon footprints.", renewable energy, green power, sustainable energy

Clean water system

n, /kliːn ˈwɔːtər ˈsɪstəm/, Hệ thống nước sạch, Infrastructure and pipelines designed to treat, purify, and distribute potable water to residents., "Upgrading the clean water system prevented contamination during seasonal floods.", potable water network, municipal water supply

Climate resilience

n, /ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliəns/, Khả năng thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu, The capacity of a community or urban ecosystem to anticipate, absorb, recover from, and adapt to climate hazards., "Coastal cities are elevating sea walls and restoring mangroves to build climate resilience.", climate adaptation, climate robustness

Climate risks

n, /ˈklaɪmət rɪsks/, Rủi ro khí hậu, Potential negative consequences resulting from climate change events like rising sea levels and storms., "Urban planners must assess climate risks before zoning new waterfront developments.", environmental vulnerabilities, climate hazards

Community gardens

n, /kəˈmjuːnəti ˈɡɑːdnz/, Vườn cộng đồng, Shared pieces of land gardened collectively by a neighborhood community for food and recreation., "Community gardens promote social bonding and supply fresh vegetables to residents.", neighborhood allotments, urban agriculture plots

Connect

v, /kəˈnekt/, Kết nối, To join, link, or unite different locations, transit routes, or communities together., "New rapid rail lines connect suburban commuter neighborhoods directly to the city center.", link, bridge, join, unite

Digital systems

n, /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈsɪstəmz/, Các hệ thống kỹ thuật số, Integrated technological networks and computational platforms managing urban infrastructure and services., "Smart cities deploy digital systems to optimize traffic signals and waste collection.", smart IT infrastructure, computerized municipal systems

Drainage systems

n, /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ ˈsɪstəmz/, Hệ thống thoát nước, Underground networks of culverts, pipes, and retention basins designed to carry storm runoff away., "Modernized drainage systems prevent flash flooding during tropical typhoons.", stormwater drainage, sewage network, runoff infrastructure

Efficient city

n, /ɪˈfɪʃnt ˈsɪti/, Thành phố hiệu quả / Thành phố vận hành tối ưu, An urban area that achieves maximum functional output with minimum waste of energy, time, and resources., "An efficient city balances compact zoning with seamless public transportation networks.", optimized municipality, streamlined urban ecosystem

Energy systems

n, /ˈenədʒi ˈsɪstəmz/, Hệ thống năng lượng, The comprehensive networks that generate, transmit, and distribute power and heating across a metropolis., "Decentralized energy systems using rooftop solar help prevent blackout grid failures.", power grid, electrical infrastructure, energy networks

Environmental damage

n, /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈdæmɪdʒ/, Thiệt hại môi trường, Harm inflicted upon natural ecosystems, water bodies, or biodiversity due to human activities., "Uncontrolled deforestation on city outskirts causes catastrophic environmental damage.", ecological degradation, environmental destruction

Fair city

n, /feər ˈsɪti/, Thành phố công bằng / Thành phố bình đẳng, An urban society where all residents have equitable access to resources, housing, and opportunities., "Building a fair city requires prioritizing infrastructure in historically underserved neighborhoods.", equitable city, just city

Flood protection systems

n, /flʌd prəˈtekʃn ˈsɪstəmz/, Hệ thống phòng chống ngập lụt, Engineered barriers, levees, dikes, and wetlands designed to prevent floodwater from entering urban zones., "The Netherlands is world-renowned for its innovative storm surge barriers and flood protection systems.", flood defense mechanisms, sea defenses, anti-flood barriers

Flood risk

n, /flʌd rɪsk/, Nguy cơ ngập lụt, The likelihood and potential impact of flood events on lives, assets, and infrastructure., "Sea level rise has substantially increased the flood risk in delta cities.", inundation risk, flooding hazard

Flooding

n, /ˈflʌdɪŋ/, Ngập lụt / Triều cường gây ngập, An overflow of water submerging land that is usually dry., "Intense monsoon rains led to widespread urban flooding across low-lying roads.", inundation, deluge, submersion

Green infrastructure

n, /ɡriːn ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/, Cơ sở hạ tầng xanh (Green infrastructure), A strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas designed to deliver ecosystem services., "Bioswales and rain gardens are practical components of urban green infrastructure.", eco-infrastructure, nature-based infrastructure

Green roofs

n, /ɡriːn ruːfs/, Mái nhà xanh / Mái phủ cây xanh, Building roofs partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium over a waterproofing membrane., "Green roofs insulate buildings, absorb rainwater, and lower ambient city temperatures.", living roofs, eco-roofs, vegetated rooftops

Green spaces

n, /ɡriːn ˈspeɪsɪz/, Không gian xanh, Areas of grass, trees, and other vegetation set apart for recreational or aesthetic purposes in urban environments., "Access to green spaces correlates strongly with reduced stress and higher quality of life.", parks, open greenery, vegetated zones

Healthy city

n, /ˈhelθi ˈsɪti/, Thành phố lành mạnh / Thành phố vì sức khỏe, A city that continually creates and improves physical and social environments to enable people to support each other., "A healthy city prioritizes clean air, active pedestrian corridors, and mental wellbeing.", wellness-oriented municipality, sanitary city

Heatwaves

n, /ˈhiːtweɪvz/, Các đợt nắng nóng gay gắt / Sóng nhiệt, Extended periods of abnormally hot and humid weather relative to the expected conditions of the area., "During summer heatwaves, urban cooling centers provide sanctuary for vulnerable populations.", extreme heat events, hot spells

High living costs

n, /haɪ ˈlɪvɪŋ kɒsts/, Chi phí sinh hoạt cao, Excessive expenses required to sustain a basic standard of living including shelter, food, and transport., "High living costs in central districts force many working families to relocate to far suburbs.", expensive living, cost of living pressure

Housing crisis

n, /ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈkraɪsɪs/, Khủng hoảng nhà ở, A severe socio-economic shortage of affordable, habitable shelter affecting substantial portions of a population., "The housing crisis has led to skyrocketing rents and increased homelessness.", housing emergency, shelter crisis

Housing shortage

n, /ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/, Tình trạng thiếu hụt nhà ở, A condition where the demand for residential housing exceeds the available supply of homes., "Zoning reforms aim to accelerate construction and alleviate the housing shortage.", deficit of dwellings, undersupply of homes

Improve

v, /ɪmˈpruːv/, Cải thiện / Nâng cao, To make or become better, more functional, or more sustainable., "Planting canopy trees along sidewalks will improve pedestrian thermal comfort.", upgrade, enhance, ameliorate

Improve quality of life

phrase, /ɪmˈpruːv ˈkwɒləti əv laɪf/, Cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống, To elevate the overall health, happiness, comfort, and standard of living of residents., "Expanding parklands and reducing traffic fumes will improve quality of life for all citizens.", enhance standard of living, boost wellbeing

Inclusive city

n, /ɪnˈkluːsɪv ˈsɪti/, Thành phố hòa nhập / Thành phố bao trùm, A city that provides opportunities, public spaces, and social protections for all residents regardless of background., "An inclusive city designs barrier-free transit for people with disabilities and all income groups.", accessible city, socially integrated city

Informal settlements

n, /ɪnˈfɔːml ˈsetlmənts/, Khu định cư không chính thức / Khu ổ chuột, Unplanned residential areas where inhabitants lack formal legal tenure or municipal infrastructure., "Upgrading informal settlements with clean water and sanitation is a primary development goal.", slums, squatter settlements, unplanned settlements

Infrastructure

n, /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/, Cơ sở hạ tầng, The fundamental physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society., "Investing in resilient infrastructure guarantees sustainable economic growth.", facilities, utilities, framework, public works

Innovation

n, /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/, Sự đổi mới sáng tạo, The practical implementation of new ideas, devices, or methods that create positive impact., "Technological innovation in wastewater recycling helps arid cities conserve water.", novelty, modernization, breakthrough

Integrated urban ecosystems

n, /ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd ˈɜːbən ˈiːkəʊsɪstəmz/, Hệ sinh thái đô thị tích hợp, Holistic planning models where urban built environments coexist harmoniously with natural biological cycles., "Integrated urban ecosystems blend wetland drainage with urban biodiversity corridors.", holistic urban ecology, biophilic city systems

Lack of green spaces

phrase / n, /læk əv ɡriːn ˈspeɪsɪz/, Sự thiếu hụt không gian xanh, The deficiency of parks, trees, and vegetative land within an urban territory., "A lack of green spaces exacerbates respiratory problems and urban heat traps.", park deficit, greenery shortage

Livable city

n, /ˈlɪvəbl ˈsɪti/, Thành phố đáng sống, A city that provides a safe, healthy, vibrant, and culturally rich environment for its population., "Vienna and Melbourne are consistently ranked as the most livable cities worldwide.", habitable city, high-amenity city

Low-carbon city

n, /ləʊ ˈkɑːbən ˈsɪti/, Thành phố phát thải carbon thấp, An urban center structured to minimize greenhouse gas emissions across transportation, industry, and housing., "Electric buses and zero-energy building standards are vital for a low-carbon city.", decarbonized city, carbon-neutral city

Low-income families

n, /ləʊ ˈɪnkʌm ˈfæməliz/, Các gia đình có thu nhập thấp, Households whose earnings fall substantially below the national or municipal median income., "Targeted subsidies help low-income families afford quality energy and transit passes.", disadvantaged households, economically vulnerable families

Manage

v, /ˈmænɪdʒ/, Quản lý / Điều hành, To be in charge of, administer, or control resources and processes effectively., "The transit authority uses real-time GPS feeds to manage bus fleet operations.", administer, control, direct, handle

Megacity

n, /ˈmeɡəsɪti/, Siêu đô thị (Megacity), A very large city metropolitan area, typically one with a total population exceeding 10 million people., "Tokyo and Jakarta are prominent megacities facing complex spatial logistics.", metropolis, conurbation, giant urban area

Nature-based solutions

n, /ˈneɪtʃə beɪst səˈluːʃnz/, Các giải pháp thuận tự nhiên (Nature-based solutions), Actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems to address societal challenges., "Restoring coastal wetlands is a cost-effective nature-based solution against tidal floods.", ecosystem-based adaptation, green solutions

Noise pollution

n, /nɔɪz pəˈluːʃn/, Ô nhiễm tiếng ồn, Harmful or annoying levels of ambient sound created primarily by traffic, construction, and industry., "Acoustic sound barriers along highways reduce noise pollution for nearby housing developments.", environmental noise, acoustic pollution

Overcrowding

n, /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋ/, Tình trạng quá đông đúc / Quá tải dân số, A condition where too many people occupy a given physical space beyond safe or comfortable limits., "Transit expansions are necessary to prevent severe overcrowding on rush-hour subway lines.", congestion, high density pressure, swarming

People-centered city

n, /ˈpiːpl ˈsentəd ˈsɪti/, Thành phố lấy con người làm trung tâm, An urban planning approach that prioritizes human well-being, walkability, and social connection over automobile speed., "Designing pedestrian-only plazas transforms a metropolis into a true people-centered city.", human-centric city, walkable metropolis

Poor waste management

n, /pɔːr weɪst ˈmænɪdʒmənt/, Quản lý rác thải yếu kém, Inadequate or unhygienic disposal, collection, and processing of municipal solid waste., "Poor waste management leads to clogged drains and severe water pollution during storms.", inadequate refuse handling, substandard sanitation

Prepare for risks

phrase, /prɪˈpeə fɔː rɪsks/, Chuẩn bị ứng phó với rủi ro, To implement preventive measures, contingency plans, and structural protections before disasters occur., "City authorities conduct annual drills to prepare for risks associated with severe storms.", risk preparedness, disaster mitigation

Private cars

n, /ˈpraɪvət kɑːz/, Xe ô tô cá nhân, Personal motor vehicles owned and operated by individuals rather than public transit fleets., "Heavy reliance on private cars is the primary cause of urban traffic gridlock.", individual automobiles, personal vehicles

Protect

v, /prəˈtekt/, Bảo vệ / Gìn giữ, To keep safe from harm, environmental degradation, destruction, or injury., "Stringent zoning laws protect urban wetlands from industrial encroachment.", safeguard, preserve, defend, shield

Public services

n, /ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/, Dịch vụ công cộng, Services provided by government or authorized utilities to people within its jurisdiction., "High-quality public services like libraries, clinics, and transit enhance civic well-being.", municipal amenities, civic services, community utilities

Public transport

n, /ˈpʌblɪk ˈtrænspɔːt/, Giao thông công cộng, Shared passenger transport services available for use by the general public, typically operating on fixed routes., "Electrifying the public transport network drastically cuts city smog.", mass transit, public transit, commuter transport

Redesign

v / n, /ˌriːdɪˈzaɪn/, Thiết kế lại / Quy hoạch lại, To revise, reconstruct, or create a new plan or layout for an existing urban space or system., "The city council chose to redesign the roundabout into a pedestrian-friendly square.", reconfigure, replan, restructure

Reduce

v, /rɪˈdjuːs/, Giảm thiểu / Cắt giảm, To make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size., "Congestion pricing aims to reduce car traffic in city centers during peak hours.", decrease, diminish, curtail, lower

Road networks

n, /rəʊd ˈnetwɜːks/, Mạng lưới đường bộ, The interconnected grid of streets, highways, and bridges facilitating vehicular transportation., "Smart traffic management systems optimize traffic light timing across complex road networks.", street grid, highway system, thoroughfare network

Safe city

n, /seɪf ˈsɪti/, Thành phố an toàn, An urban area with low crime rates, safe pedestrian infrastructure, and effective disaster preparedness., "Adequate street lighting and separated bicycle paths are hallmarks of a safe city.", secure municipality, protected urban center

Secure housing

n, /sɪˈkjʊər ˈhaʊzɪŋ/, Nhà ở đảm bảo an ninh / Chỗ ở an cư, Shelter providing legal security of tenure, structural safety, and protection from forced eviction., "Every citizen deserves access to safe, weatherproof, and secure housing.", stable dwelling, tenure-secure shelter

Smart city

n, /smɑːt ˈsɪti/, Thành phố thông minh (Smart city), A technologically advanced urban area that utilizes sensors and IoT data to optimize resource management., "Songdo and Singapore are prime global models of smart city development.", digital city, data-driven metropolis, connected city

Smart technology

n, /smɑːt tekˈnɒlədʒi/, Công nghệ thông minh, Electronic systems and connected hardware capable of automated adaptation and data collection., "Smart technology monitors water pipeline pressure to detect underground leaks immediately.", IoT tech, intelligent systems

Smart traffic technology

n, /smɑːt ˈtræfɪk tekˈnɒlədʒi/, Công nghệ điều phối giao thông thông minh, AI-driven traffic lights, sensors, and cameras coordinating traffic flow dynamically in real time., "Installing smart traffic technology decreased congestion delays by 25%.", intelligent transport systems (ITS), adaptive traffic control

Social inclusion

n, /ˈsəʊʃl ɪnˈkluːʒn/, Hòa nhập xã hội (Social inclusion), The process of improving the terms of participation in society for disadvantaged and marginalized groups., "Universal barrier-free sidewalk design is a vital step toward full social inclusion.", social integration, societal equality

Support

v / n, /səˈpɔːt/, Hỗ trợ / Nâng đỡ, To provide assistance, funding, or structural reinforcement to something., "Municipal tax credits support developers building energy-efficient apartments.", assist, aid, back, bolster

Sustainable mobility

n, /səˈsteɪnəbl məʊˈbɪləti/, Giao thông bền vững / Di chuyển bền vững, Transport options designed to reduce greenhouse emissions, pollution, and traffic while promoting active travel., "Sustainable mobility integrates electric commuter trains with micromobility e-scooters.", green transportation, eco-mobility

Sustainable urban design

n, /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈɜːbən dɪˈzaɪn/, Thiết kế đô thị bền vững, The planning and designing of cities to ensure long-term environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic health., "Sustainable urban design focuses on compact neighborhoods, solar orientation, and rain harvesting.", eco-urbanism, green city planning

Traffic congestion

n, /ˈtræfɪk kənˈdʒestʃən/, Ùn tắc giao thông / Kẹt xe, A condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, characterized by slower speeds and longer trip times., "Peak-hour traffic congestion wastes millions of productive work hours annually.", traffic gridlock, traffic jam, bottleneck

Transit-oriented development

n, /ˈtrænzɪt ˌɔːriˈentɪd dɪˈveləpmənt/, Phát triển đô thị định hướng giao thông công cộng (TOD), Urban development that maximizes residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport., "Transit-oriented development clusters high-rise apartments and shops directly above metro stations.", TOD, station-area development

Trees

n, /triːz/, Cây xanh / Cây bóng mát, Woody perennial plants with an elongated stem or trunk and supporting leaves that provide urban canopy., "Mature trees along roadways intercept stormwater and provide essential shade.", urban forest, canopy vegetation

Unequal access

n, /ʌnˈiːkwəl ˈækses/, Bất bình đẳng trong tiếp cận / Tiếp cận không đồng đều, Disparity where certain populations face barriers to public resources, healthcare, transport, or parks., "Unequal access to reliable transit reinforces spatial and economic segregation.", disparate access, inequitable distribution

Urban data

n, /ˈɜːbən ˈdeɪtə/, Dữ liệu đô thị, Quantitative and qualitative datasets collected regarding city operations, demographics, traffic, and environment., "Urban planners analyze urban data to model transit demand for the next decade.", city analytics, municipal spatial datasets

Urban density

n, /ˈɜːbən ˈdensəti/, Mật độ đô thị / Mật độ dân cư đô thị, A term used in urban planning to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urban area., "Moderate urban density allows public utilities and transit lines to operate efficiently.", population density, spatial compactness

Urban growth

n, /ˈɜːbən ɡrəʊθ/, Sự tăng trưởng đô thị, The rate at which the population or geographic footprint of an urban region expands over time., "Managing rapid urban growth requires forward-looking master plans and infrastructure investments.", metropolitan expansion, urban development

Urban heat island effect

n, /ˈɜːbən hiːt ˈaɪlənd ɪˈfekt/, Hiệu ứng đảo nhiệt đô thị, A phenomenon where urban areas experience significantly warmer temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activity and dense concrete., "The urban heat island effect can cause downtown temperatures to be 5°C higher than outlying suburbs.", UHI effect, urban thermal trap

Urban parks

n, /ˈɜːbən pɑːks/, Công viên đô thị, Municipal public parks located inside cities that provide open recreational space and vegetation., "Urban parks serve as green lungs for dense metropolises, absorbing pollutants.", city parks, civic green areas

Urban planning

n, /ˈɜːbən ˈplænɪŋ/, Quy hoạch đô thị, A technical and political process focused on the design and regulation of the uses of space in urban environments., "Effective urban planning prevents haphazard sprawl and protects agricultural greenbelts.", city planning, town planning, spatial zoning

Urban population

n, /ˈɜːbən ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/, Dân số đô thị, The total number of people residing in urban regions, cities, and metropolitan zones., "Over half of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas.", city population, metropolitan inhabitants

Urban sprawl

n, /ˈɜːbən sprɔːl/, Sự mở rộng đô thị tràn lan (Urban sprawl), The rapid and often unplanned geographic expansion of a city into surrounding rural and agricultural land., "Urban sprawl increases automobile dependency and fragments wildlife habitats.", suburban sprawl, uncontrolled expansion

Urbanization

n, /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/, Quá trình đô thị hóa, The population shift from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and towns., "Rapid urbanization throughout Asia has created thriving economic centers alongside spatial challenges.", city expansion, urban transition

Urbanizing planet

n, /ˈɜːbənaɪzɪŋ ˈplænɪt/, Hành tinh đang đô thị hóa, The global phenomenon where the majority of humanity is concentrating into urban settlements., "On an urbanizing planet, building sustainable and resilient cities is humanity’s foremost challenge.", global urban transition

Walkable streets

n, /ˈwɔːkəbl striːts/, Đường phố thân thiện với người đi bộ (Walkable streets), Pedestrian-friendly pathways designed with wide sidewalks, trees, safety crossings, and active shopfronts., "Walkable streets encourage physical activity and foster neighborhood commerce.", pedestrian corridors, walkable avenues

Waste recycling

n, /weɪst ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ/, Tái chế rác thải, The process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects to prevent resource depletion., "Community waste recycling centers turn discarded plastics and metals into raw industrial feedstocks.", materials recovery, refuse repurposing

Water scarcity

n, /ˈwɔːtər ˈskeəsəti/, Sự khan hiếm nước, A situation where the demand for potable and industrial water exceeds the available freshwater supply., "Prolonged droughts have made water scarcity a critical crisis in arid metropolitan zones.", water deficit, freshwater crisis

Wetlands

n, /ˈwetləndz/, Vùng đất ngập nước, Land areas saturated with water permanently or seasonally that act as natural filters and flood sponges., "Preserving coastal wetlands shields neighboring communities from damaging storm surges.", marshes, swamps, bogs, eétuaries