ANA200 Term Test 1

Anatomy

study of body structure

Gross Anatomy

study of body structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

study of structures that can only be seen with magnification (we need microscopes)

Cytology

the study of cells

Histology

the study of tissues & microscopic anatomy. Used to study cells, tissues, and organs.

Anatomical Position

standing looking forward, palms forward, feet flat, arms at side

Umbllicus

belly button

Axillae

armpit

Directional nomenclature

used in reference to the body in anatomical position

Superior

Higher

Inferior

Lower

Medial

towards midline

Lateral

away from midline, to the side of

Median

middle

Superficial

on the surface

Deep

below the surface

Anterior

in front of

Posterior

to the back of

Ventral

another way to say anterior

Dorsal

another way to say posterior

Proximal

closer to (limbs or tubular systems)

Distal

father from (limbs or tubular systems)

Rostral

nose beak

Caudal

tail

True

You can only see the structures in the plane of intersection. True or false?

Coronal (frontal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right equal halves.

Parasagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right unequal halves.

Axial (transverse / cross sectional) plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Patient presentation

All medical imaging is presented to you in _______.

Coronal patient presentation

Patient is standing in front of you, your right is their left and your left is their right.

Axial patient presentation.

Patient is lying in a bad and you are standing at the foot of the bed.

Sagittal patient presentation.

You are standing to the left of the patient.

X-rays

used to view inside of bodies & objects.

Radiography

images what is being blocked

Soft tissues

block little x-rays, appear grey or black.

Bone

blocks a lot of x-rays, appears bright white.

Computed Tomography (CT)

X-ray generator, 360 rotation around patient, excellent for tumours and fresh blood and fractures.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Detects the energy released when protons realign with their magnetic field, best at imaging soft tissues, slow process.

Ultrasonography

Detects echos of high frequency sound waves based on density, real-time imaging, safest.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Detects the metabolism of radioactive glucose, best for tumours and physiological information.

Tissues

cells & their cell products

Epithelia, CT, muscle, neural tissue.

What are the four basic tissues?

Light microscopy

visualizing of an object by shining light through it.

Hematoxylin

basic dye, dyes basophilic molecules. Blue.

Eosin

acidic dye, dyes acidophilic molecules. Pink.

Acidic molecules

basophilic molecules, DNA & RNA

Basic molecules

acidophilic molecules, protein

Epidermis

external body surface covered by an epithelium, this is the …?

Cutaneous membrane

Epidermis + dermis (underlying CT)

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

Internal epithelia (open to exterior) + UCT

Endothelium

epithelium lining vessels

Vessels

arteries, veins, heart chambers, lymphatics.

Mesothelium

epithelium covering internal body cavities that never open to the exterior.

Serous membranes (serosa)

Mesothelium + UCT

Pleura

serous cavity for your lungs

Pericardium

serous cavity for your heart

Peritoneum

serous cavity for your intestines

Simple Epithelia

1 layer of cells, every cell touches BM

Stratified Epithelia

>1 layers of cells, not every one on BM, bottom/nucleus for shape

Epithelium / Epithelia

layer of covering cells over “free” body surfaces

Physical protection, controller permeability, sensation & secretions

Functions of epithelia?

Transcellular

transport through the cell

Paracellular

transport along/beside the cell

False, they all must cross an epithelium.

All substances that enter the body do not have to cross an epithelium. True or false?

Cellularity, polarity, jxn, BM & CT, regeneration by mitosis at surface, avascular but innervated.

characteristics of epithelia

Cellularity

densely packed cells with little material

Polarity

apical, lateral and basal surface specializations.

Specialized intercellular junctions

connect cells physically and functionally

Avascular but innervated

Lacks blood vessels but still contains nerve fibres, no nutrients or oxygen from blood stream (diffusion instead) but can detect stimuli.

Tight jxn

blocks paracellular space, controls paracellular molecular movement

Gap jxn

controls ionic / molecular mvt from one epithelial cell to the next

Anchoring jxn

mechanical support by cytoskeleton: desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and adherens.

Microvilli

finger-like minimally motile extensions for absorption & secretion (surface area), brush border, number and height linked to rate of molecular transfer

Cilia

highly motile, synchronized finger-like extensions, mucus carpet, respiratory and uterine

Goblet Cells

unicellular, mucin-secreting by extracellular water, exocrine, digestive & respiratory

simple squamous

Location: Air sacs of lungs, endothelium, mesothelium
Function: Allows ions and molecules to cross via diffusion; secretes lubricant in serous membranes

simple cuboidal

Location: Ducts and secretory portions of small glands, kidney tubules
Function: Secretion and absorption

simple columnar

Location: Uterine tubes (ciliated), small intestine (with microvilli), kidney tubules
Function: Cilia for transport, goblet cells for mucous secretion, microvilli for absorption

pseudo-stratified columnar

Location: Larger airways, trachea, bronchi
Function: Goblet cells secrete mucous, cilia move mucous and trapped matter

stratified squamous

Location: Nonkeratinized (mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina); keratinized (external body surface)
Function: Nonkeratinized protects against abrasion and pathogens; keratinized protects against abrasion, pathogens, chemicals, and dehydration

transitional epithelium

Location: Bladder, urethra, ureters
Function: Allows organs to expand and stretch

glandular epithelia

endocrine and exocrine glands derived from epithelia but specialized to produce & secrete cell product

Endocrine glands

secrete inward into tissue fluid, hormones to capillaries which are delivered by cardiovascular

Exocrine glands

secrete outward to skin via a duct

ECM

most of tissue volume is _____, fills space between cells, composed of protein fibres + GS secreted by CT cells

bone

if EMC is solid, the CT is solid

cartilage

if ECM is rubbery, CT is rubbery

ordinary CT

if ECM is gelatinous, CT is gelatinous

blood (embryological CT)

if ECM is liquid, CT is liquid

Connective Tissue (CT)

largely ECM, very few cells

Ground Substance (GS)

composed of organic molecules that are bound to tissue fluid, gives volume

CT proper

ordinary CT: cartilage, bone & blood

type

composition / proportion of cells, fibres and GS determines the ______ of CT

Collagen fibres

protein which gives tensile strength, >25 types, present in tendons, no give

Elastic fibres

protein which gives tissue resiliency, stretchy & has give, arteries (vasodilation)

Tissue Fluid

derived from blood, returned to blood, circulates through CT spaces, binds to organic molecules tight or loosely to impact compression-ability

Lymph

excess tissue fluid, drains away from CT through its vessels

Plasma

tissue fluid in blood

Edema

too much tissue fluid, inflamation