Geography External Revision

what causes populations to change?

increased births, deaths, migration, being deported, disease, natural disasters, poor government etc.

dependency ratio

a measure that compares the size of the non-working-age population to the size of the working-age population in a given country

What is the formula for rate of natural change?

crude birth rate/ crude death rate x 100

birth rate formula

births per year/total pop x100

death rate formula

deaths per year/ total pop x100

fertility formula rate

reproductive years = (15-49)

replacement rate

total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself

age structure

composition of a population by age and sex

infant mortality rate

death of an infant before his/her first birthday

infant rate

infant deaths/ 1,000 births

infant mortality rates in LEDC’s 

rates are higher, lower healthcare access and is weak and fragile

infant mortality rates in MEDC’s

Infant mortality rate is low with high living standards.

life expectancy

no. years a person can expect to live - MEDC’s have higher life expectancy then LEDC’s.

HDI

Human Development Index - level of development for each country, combining income, literacy, education and life expectancy

ageing populations

demographic shift where larger population is comprised of older individuals 

factors influencing population change

births, deaths, immigration

migrant

person moving from place to place

refugee

person who’s been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution or natural disaster

asylum seeker

someone who migrated to another country in hope of being recognised as a refugee

difference between fertility and birth rate?

FR - how many children a woman has, BR - how many children are born between 1000 women. 

positive population momentum

population’s increasing and will continue to grow despite large and rapid decline in fertility. 

negative population momentum

countries may experience population decline even if fertility rates increases. 

high stationary stage of DTM?

BR + DR high whilst total population is low, e.g, india or china

early expanding stage of DTM?

total population increases slowly whilst BR + DR decrease slowly, e.g, Bangladesh 

late expanding stage of DTM?

total population increased significantly whilst BR + DR dropped dramatically. E.g, Brazil

low stationary stage of DTM?

total population remains high constant rate whilst, BR + DR are low. E.G, Australia

declining stage of DTM?

BR + DR naturally decreased whilst total population is high, e.g, Japan. 

4 types of HDI?

1. very high HDI

2. high HDI

3. medium HDI

4. low HDI

Rostow’s stages of growth model

traditional society - pre-conditions for take off - take off - drive to maturity - high mass consumption

Wallerstein’s world theory

stages showing development from age of feudalism to modern capitalist world. 

3 stages of Wallersetin’s world theory?

Core - dominate and exploit peripheral countries for labour & raw materials → Semi-periphery - possessing characteristics of both core and periphery → Periphery - dependent on core countries for money. 

example of Wallerstein’s world theory stages?

Core - US, Semi-periphery- Brazil, Peripheral - Africa

factors for voluntary migration

education, governance, economic factors, environment.

factors for forced migration

natural disasters, persecution, natural hazards, dam construction, conflict or violence, food insecurity. 

positive impacts from migration

reduces age dependency ratio for countries having an ageing population, reserve population decline when fertility rate falls below replacement level.

negative impacts from migration

decreases dependency ratio