gensci 2nd quarter

Chemistry

study of matter, its properties, composition, and the change it undergoes

Biochemistry

biological processes

Physical Chemistry

principles and measurements

Inorganic Chemistry

minerals, metals, non-living matter

Organic Chemistry

carbon compounds

Analytical Chemistry

composition and structure of substances

Microbiology

study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

Aerobic

requires oxygen

Anaerobic

does not require oxygen

Catabolic Metabolism

breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones

Anabolic Metabolism

building up of complex substances from simpler ones

Louis Pasteur

• Father of Microbiology

• 1822-1895

• “Benefactor of Humanity”

• his discoveries form the foundation of microbiology and modern medicine

Professor Balard in 1846

Louis Pasteur became his laboratory assistant

Crystallography 1847

study of molecular structure of crystals

Molecular Asymmetry

discovered some compounds (like tartrate) exist in mirror-image crystal forms

recognize chirality and 3d molecular structure

Monsieur Bigo

was an industrialist who owned a distillery in 1856, producing alcohol from sugar beet, which became famous because he hired Louis Pasteur to solve fermentation issues when his sugar beet vats acidified instead of producing alcohol.

Fermentation

• results from microorganisms metabolism

• alcohol is the waste product of this

Rebuttal of Spontaneous Generation 1859

• swan neck flask by Antoine Ballard

• Louis Pasteur called this “chimera” or illusion

Germ Theory 1861

microorganisms are everywhere

Robert Koch

discovered what causes anthrax

Louis Pasteur

discovered the vaccine for anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

bacteria that causes anthrax

Pasteurization

heating of food for several minutes between 55-60C to kill harmful microorganisms

Jean-Baptiste Dumian

he called Louis Pasteur because the silk industry in deteriorating

Silk nosema disease and flacherie

illness that Louis Pasteur discovered from the silkworms

Hygiene and aseptic techniques

vital for preventing infections

Vaccine

help the body develop immunity to a specific disease

Fowl cholera

• first experimental vaccine

• small exposure had worked as a vaccine against the actual sickness

Anthrax

Louis Pasteur use a weakened virus and vaccinated 25 sheeps

vaccinated = alive

not vaccinated = dead

Rabies

• disease following a bite by a rabid animal

• uses rabbits spinal cord

Joseph Meister

first vaccinated for rabies on March 1, 1886

Joseph Lister

study of antisepsis

Antisepsis

method of using chemical to destroy germs that cause infections

Alexander Fleming

discovered Penicillin

mould juice = penicillin

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

they won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine with Alexander Fleming