Unit 7 Exam Study Guide

WHEN REVIEWING THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE, WHERE CAN CARBON BE FOUND IN REAL LIFE?

WHEN REVIEWING THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE, WHERE CAN CARBON BE FOUND IN REAL LIFE?

• Lipids in animal fats, oils (do not mix with water)

• Proteins in various foods Ex: meats (associated with muscle)

• Nucleic Acids in Blood, ATP (energy)

• Carbohydrates (sugars) in fruits, vegetables, breads

1.      WHEN REVIEWING THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, WHICH ORGANISM IS DIRECTLY TIED INTO IT AND RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OXYGEN SEEN IN THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE?

-        Plants, phytoplankton (plant-like plankton), and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)

1.      REVIEW THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE- COMPARE/CONTRAST DECOMPOSITION RATES OF EACH. (ie- PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS).

• Carbohydrates are quick energy and broken down fast.

• Lipids are slower to break down.

1.      REVIEW PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION- PRODUCTS AND REACTANTS INVOLVED IN PROCESS.

• Reactants: sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, Water

• Products: sugar and Oxygen

1.      REVIEW THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN LIVING ORGANISMS FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST.

-        (smallest) Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Whole Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem (largest)

1.      COMPARE/CONTRAST PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS.

• Prokaryote: no nucleus, no membrane- bound organelles, circular DNA

• Eukaryote: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, complex

1.      WHAT ADVANTAGES DO EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE OVER PROKARYOTIC CELLS STRUCTURALLY?

-        Efficient, compartmentalization, complex

1.      WHAT FACTORS NEED TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN REVIEWING THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY BROADCAST SPAWNING? (broadcast spawning: organisms put out millions of gametes in the ocean in hopes of fertilization)

-        Tides, time of day, temperature of water, moon phases

1.      REVIEW CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION DISCUSSED IN CLASS.

-        One parent, offspring is identical to parent

o   Fission: divide into 2 identical offspring

o   Budding: growth on parent grows into clone

Fragmentation: regeneration of whole bodies

1.      WHAT REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY DO CLOWNFISH POSSESS? EXPLAIN THIS PROCESS.

• All clown fish start as males; they are hermaphrodites

• One female per anemone and when female dies the next male in line will turn into the female

1.      REVIEW BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE- WHAT IS CONSIDERED WHEN CLASSIFYING AN ANIMAL? HOW DO PHYLOGENETICS PLAY A ROLE HERE?

• Binomial Nomenclature means two- name naming system (Genus species)

• DNA is the most accurate way to tell whether species are more closely related

1.      BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE SHARED AMONGST DISTINCT ORGANISMS- WHY DOES THIS OCCUR?

-        Organisms must adapt to their environment

BE ABLE TO CORRECTLY IDENTIFY AN ORGANISM BASED ON THE GENUS AND SPECIES PROVIDED

-        Genus and the species name is the scientific name of an organism. Genus is capitalized and species is lowercase (whole scientific name is italicized)

1.      THROUGH THE PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION, WHAT IS HAPPENING TO ORGANISMS?

-        Organisms best adapted to the environment will survive, they are evolving

1.      WHAT DO SPECIES NEEDS TO DO COLLECTIVELY IN ORDER TO SEE SURVIVAL OF THAT SPECIES HAPPEN IN THE LONG RUN?

adapt to the environment

1.      IN THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT, IF A SPECIES IS UNABLE TO INTERBREED SUCCESSFULLY, WHAT HAPPENS AS A RESULT?

-        Organisms that separate and do not mix for extended period of time will eventual become different species

1.      WHEN REVIEWING DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS, IF THE CONCENTRATIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF A MEMBRANE ARE THE SAME, WHAT WILL THE MOLECULES DO?

-        Isotonic Solution: Water molecules will both move in and out of the cell at the same rate

1.      REVIEW THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS- HOW DOES WATER MOVE?

-        Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration (Hypotonic solution to a Hypertonic solution)

1.      THROUGH THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS, IF EXCESS WATER IS NOT REMOVED CORRECTLY, WHAT WOULD OCCUR AS A RESULT?

the cell could burst

REVIEW OSMOSIS- SPECIFICALLY, THE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS AND WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CELL AS A RESULT

• If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it can shrivel because it is losing too much water to the environment

• If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution in can expand and burst

1.      REVIEW THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OSMOCONFORMERS AND OSMOREGULATORS.

• Osmoconformers do not expend energy on balancing the water and salt balance

• Osmoregulators do control salt and water balance.

1.      DUE TO THE NEED TO CONSERVE WATER AS A SPECIES FOR OSMOREGULATION, WHAT WILL FISH PRODUCE AS A RESULT?

• Saltwater fish: drink water all the time, have concentrated urine, and excrete ions through chloride cells

• Freshwater fish: do not drink water, have dilute urine, take in ions though chloride cells

1.      REVIEW THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC ORGANISMS.

• Endothermic: maintain a high internal body temperature (warm-blooded)

• Exothermic: match the environment (cold-blooded)