Lifespan Development Exam 3

What is equifinality, and how does it relate to developmental psychology?

One symptom can have many causes. A child can have autistic symptoms for many reasons, which makes treatment difficult, as an intervention that seems to help one child proves worthless for another.

What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills? Provide examples.

Gross: large body movements (Ex: running)

Fine: precise movements (Ex: writing, reading)

What are common signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

Some children never speak, rarely smile, and often play for hours with one object.

Others are extremely talented in specialized areas (high functioning).

Social interaction is always impaired.

How does visual-spatial memory differ from other types of memory?

location, movement, and relationships between objects and places, rather than on facts or events

What is the Flynn Effect, and what factors contribute to it?

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations. Improved nutrition, education, and reduced exposure to toxins.

How do achievement tests differ from IQ and aptitude tests?

Achievement tests are a measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject

Explain the difference between an achievement test and an aptitude test.

Achievement Test - They show you what you have learned. Aptitude Test - Intended to predict your ability to learn new skills.

What are the typical physical growth patterns during middle childhood?

Rates of growth generally slow during middle childhood. Typically, a child will gain about 5-7 pounds a year and grow about 2 inches per year.

What is selective attention, and why is it important in childhood learning?

the ability to focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.

How are IQ scores distributed, and what does an IQ score of 90 indicate?

normally distributed on a bell curve. 90 is normal range, slightly below average

How do fine motor skills develop differently in boys and girls?

Mature about six months earlier in girls than in boys

How did Vygotsky and Piaget differ in their views on cognitive development?

Piaget saw children as "little scientists", having to explore and experiment to improve cognitive development while Vygotsky saw children as entrepreneurs, socially mediated influenced by culture and language

What is metacognition, and why is it important for learning?

"thinking about thinking." actively engaging with information during the learning process enhances memory.

How does instruction influence cognitive development, according to Vygotsky?

Guiding each child through their zone of proximal development is crucial.

What are the differences between formal and informal speech codes?

formal: structured and precise, used in professional or academic settings

informal: casual and relaxed, used with friends and family.

What are the main methods for teaching a second language, and which is most effective?

Grammar-Translation, Audiolingual, Direct Method, and Communicative Approach, with the Communicative Approach generally considered the most effective

What is seriation, and how does it help children understand logical sequences?

Includes knowledge that things can be arranged in logical series. Helps recognize relationships between items

Why is connecting new concepts to prior knowledge important for learning?

When students connect what they already know to new ideas, it makes understanding easier.

How does the information processing theory explain cognitive development?

Compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data

How does research support Vygotsky's emphasis on instruction in cognitive growth?

Language is integral as a mediator for understanding and learning.

What is classification, and how do children use it to organize information?

Organization of things into groups according to some characteristic that they have in common.

By age 8, most children can classify.

How does social rejection impact a child's self-esteem and peer relationships?

can create a cycle of poor peer relationships because the child may become more withdrawn or anxious around peers, further increasing their likelihood of rejection

What are the effects of parental divorce on children's emotional development?

increased risk of anxiety, depression, and anger, which may manifest as behavioral problems, social withdrawal, or academic struggles

What are the four main types of bullying, and how do they differ?

Physical (hitting, pinching, or kicking)

Verbal (teasing, taunting, or name-calling)

Relational (destroying peer acceptance and friendship)

Cyber (using electronic means to harm another)

Who do bullies typically target, and why?

individuals who appear to be vulnerable, different, or a threat to their social standing. they seek a reaction to feel powerful.

How do genetics and environment influence individual differences in intelligence?

genetics providing a potential range and environment determining where within that range an individual falls through factors like nutrition, education, and home environment

What are the characteristics of verbal bullying, and how does it impact children?

teasing, taunting, or name-calling. by causing long-term emotional and psychological harm, such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and social isolation

How does social comparison affect self-esteem in middle childhood?

Helps children value themselves and abandon the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschoolers

What are the key functions of a family in a child's development?

provide basic material necessities to encourage learning, to help development of self-respect, to nurture friendships, and to foster harmony and stability.

What is child culture, and how does it influence peer relationships?

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society. Influences Fashion, Language, Peer culture, Attitudes, Independence from adults

What are the characteristics of popular children in middle childhood?

Kind, trustworthy, cooperative

Athletic, cool, dominant, arrogant, aggressive (around fifth grade)

How do girls typically bully compared to boys?

girls tend to use more social bullying while boys tend to resort to physical bullying

What is "eveningness," and how does it affect adolescent sleep patterns?

the tendency for adolescents to have a delayed sleep-wake cycle, causing them to feel sleepy later at night and want to wake up later in the morning

What is the secular trend in growth, and what causes it?

Long-term direction of onset of puberty reveals a secular trend.

What are the effects of early puberty on girls?

Tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls

What is spermarche, and how does it compare to menarche in developmental significance?

Boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Menarche typically occurring earlier than spermarche.

How does childhood stress influence the onset of puberty?

Puberty arrives earlier

Why are adolescents more likely to engage in risky behaviors compared to adults?

biological imbalance between the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex (responsible for impulse control) and the rapidly developing limbic system (responsible for pleasure and reward-seeking)

What is the role of the gonads in puberty?

Gonads produce hormones and gametes.

How does early sexual activity impact later life outcomes?

Early sex correlates with depression and drug abuse.

How do rates of schizophrenia differ between adolescent boys and girls?

In adolescence, the rates of schizophrenia are higher in boys

What is the typical order of physical changes in puberty for girls?

1. Breast development(usually the first sign), followed by 2. Growth of pubic and underarm hair, then a 3. Growth spurt, and finally, 4. the first menstrual period (menarche)

What is the role of the limbic system in adolescent emotions?

making teens more susceptible to intense emotions and reward-seeking behaviors like risk-taking

What stage of Piaget's theory is characterized by abstract thinking, and what does it involve?

Formal operational thought. Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

At what stage in education do early warning signs for high school dropout appear?

middle school (6th grade)

What are high-stakes tests, and how do they affect students?

Involves evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure

Determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted

What is the difference between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset?

Students with a growth mindset seek challenges.

Students with a fixed mindset use social comparison, ranking themselves among their peers.

Intuitive thought

Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

Analytic thought

Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts

Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.

How do intuitive thinking and analytical thinking differ?

Analytic thought is more difficult than intuition, and it requires examination of comforting, familiar prejudices.

What is adolescent egocentrism, and how does it manifest in behavior?

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

Invincibility fable: Adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving

What is the "personal fable," and how does it shape adolescent thinking?

Aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's

Deductive reasoning

Involves reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics

Sometimes called top-down reasoning

General to specific

Inductive reasoning

Involves reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction

Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning

Specific to general

How does Erikson describe identity formation in adolescence?

Foreclosure: occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis

Life-course persistent offenders

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal

adolescent-limited offenders

A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

How does parental support impact adolescent peer relationships?

influencing a teen's social skills, self-esteem, and the selection of friends

identity achievement

Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

identity diffusion

Situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is

What is peer pressure, and how does it influence adolescent behavior?

Peer pressure involves encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude.

What are the characteristics of identity diffusion?

apathy-a lack of interest and concern

How does ethnic identity relate to personal identity?

correlates with academic achievement and overall well-being

What is identity moratorium, and how does it function in adolescent development?

An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions

Going to college is a common example.

How does family support impact adolescent mothers and their children?

improving their mental health and parenting confidence, reducing stress, and increasing the likelihood of educational success

What are the signs of role confusion in adolescence?

difficulty making decisions, inconsistent interests and behaviors, strained relationships, low self-esteem, and a lack of direction or motivation regarding the future

67th question

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