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First Industrial Revolution
The period of time in which major changes in technology, industry, and society took place, starting in England around the 1780s.
Relationship between science and technology
The connection and interaction between scientific knowledge and technological advancements.
Technological determinism
The belief that technology is the driving force behind social and economic change.
Technology and gender/class issues
The examination of how technology impacts and is influenced by gender and social class.
Second Industrial Revolution
The period of time following the First Industrial Revolution, characterized by further advancements in technology and industry.
Imperialism
The political philosophy of expanding a country's empire by extending control over other territories.
Colonization
The establishment of colonies by countries to expand their political and economic control over other regions.
Technology and religion
The exploration of the relationship between technology and religious beliefs and practices.
Technology and race
The examination of how technology is influenced by and impacts racial dynamics and inequalities.
Management/control
The belief that technology is the driving force behind social and economic change.
Scientific management
A theory developed by Frederick Taylor to increase workplace efficiency through systematic management practices.
American System of Manufacturing (ASM)
The new methods of manufacturing and production developed in the United States during the second industrial revolution.
Assembly line
A mechanized conveyor belt system used in mass production, first introduced by Henry Ford in his automotive factory.
Technology and class
The analysis of how technology is related to social class and economic inequalities.
Knowledge diffusion
The spread and transfer of knowledge from one individual or organization to another.
Technology and race
Legal tools used to protect and control new inventions and technologies.
Management/control
The study of how technology and industrial processes are managed and controlled within societies and organizations.
Scientific management
A theory developed by Frederick Taylor to increase workplace efficiency through systematic management practices.
American System of Manufacturing (ASM)
The new methods of manufacturing and production developed in the United States during the second industrial revolution.
Assembly line
A mechanized conveyor belt system used in mass production, first introduced by Henry Ford in his automotive factory.
What were Francis Bacon's beliefs about dominating nature and how have they been studied by feminist historians of science?
Bacon advocated dominating nature for human benefit
Linked man's loss of dominion over nature to the Garden of Eden's fall
Believed mechanical technologies would reverse this loss
Viewed science and technology as tools to study and dominate nature
Described nature in disrespectful, feminine terms, criticized by feminist historians
Claimed nature had three states: liberty, error, and bondage
Historians like Lynn White once argued that this idea of human superiority over nature (found in Judaic-Christian religious thought) were at the root of today’s modern-day ecological crisis
Knowledge diffusion
The spread and transfer of knowledge from one individual or organization to another.
Patents
Legal tools used to protect and control new inventions and technologies.
What impact did the shortage of resources like land have on England's technological advancements?
Scarcity of resources prompted the development of new technologies and production methods to sustain the growing population, leading to rapid technological changes in textile mills, iron production, coal usage, and the construction of railroads and canals.
How did the closure of common lands affect the workforce during the Industrial Revolution?
The closure marginalized farmers but also freed them to become part of the labor pool, contributing to the growth of industries experiencing sustained expansion.
What led to shortages of timber and other natural resources during the Industrial Revolution in England?
Various industries, such as shipbuilding, bread making, beer brewing, and glassmaking, relied heavily on wood for fuel, causing shortages and significant price increases due to its scarcity.
What significant shift occurred in energy sources during the first industrial age, and what were its consequences?
Initially, renewable energy sources like wood were used, but scarcity led to the adoption of non-renewable sources like coal and oil. This transition marked a shift from renewable to non-renewable energy sources, leading to increased energy consumption and subsequent pollution.
What were the key elements and effects of the Factory System during the First Industrial Revolution?
The Factory System, emerging in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, centralized production by gathering workers, machinery, and materials in one location. This led to efficient mass production, driven by mechanized textile machinery like the spinning jenny and power loom. Division of labor increased efficiency but also introduced monotonous tasks. This shift to factories spurred urbanization, altering traditional work patterns and family structures. While it fueled economic growth and technological advancements, it brought harsh labor conditions and social issues. Powered by innovations like the steam engine and improved transportation, the Factory System expanded across various industries, revolutionizing industrial production, trade, and global economies. Challenges prompted labor movements and legislative reforms, shaping the Factory System's legacy as a catalyst for modern industrial capitalism and societal transformation.
What marked the energy transition during the First Industrial Revolution, and what were its impacts?
The era witnessed a shift from renewable energy sources like wood to non-renewable ones such as coal and eventually oil. This transition was crucial as non-renewable sources offered greater energy, crucial for powering industrial machinery. The adoption of coal and oil fueled industrialization, enhancing productivity and driving economic growth. This shift fundamentally changed energy production and consumption, marking a significant transformation during the period.
Mass production
The manufacturing process characterized by the production of goods in large quantities using assembly line techniques.
Worker dissatisfaction
The discontent and unhappiness experienced by workers, often due to poor working conditions or repetitive tasks.
How did London's industrialization during the First Industrial Revolution differ from traditional views, and what characterized its growth?
Contrary to the belief that London's industrialization lagged behind smaller British cities, by 1800, London housed more steam engines and a third of its workforce engaged in manufacturing. With 333,000 manufacturing workers by the mid-19th century—surpassing Manchester's entire population—London played a pivotal role in England's shift from an agricultural to an urban industrial society. The city's industrial growth spurred a surge in population and necessitated new transport methods like canals. Despite extreme pollution from coal usage, successful industries, notably beer brewing, thrived due to beer's safer consumption than water, becoming a staple for the poor. Beer brewing exemplified London's industrial landscape, demonstrating the links between industry, sanitation, consumption, and agriculture. The porter brewing industry, in particular, showcased capital-intensive production, technological innovations, concentrated markets, and ancillary industries that capitalized on the brewing process's by-products. London's breweries, experiencing a significant increase in production and market share, exemplified the industrial transition, replacing workhorses with steam engines and fostering ancillary industries utilizing beer by-products.
How did Manchester experience unprecedented growth during industrialization, and what delayed the development of a modern cotton factory system until 1830?
Manchester's population surged from 30,000 in 1770 to 300,000 by 1850, largely driven by a booming cotton textile industry. Despite being a natural hub for cotton manufacturing due to geographical advantages like damp air, ample coal, and canal access, the city only embraced a modern cotton factory system around 1830. According to Misa, a 40-year delay ensued due to a significant gender shift in labor and structural shifts within the business community. Technical innovations, initially easing cloth spinning for women, eventually became complex and suited for larger mills, necessitating women's employment at low wages in these factories. Innovations like Crompton's spinning mules demanded physical strength, transitioning skilled female spinners into unskilled factory laborers. The integration of spinning and weaving within factories occurred by 1825, delineating spinning as "male" work and weaving as "female" work with lower skill and pay. The delay in modern factory development coincided with the emergence of ancillary industries, addressing dyeing, bleaching, finishing cloth, and house building. However, Manchester's increasing industrialization led to social problems linked to pollution, sanitation, and cleanliness.
What characterized Sheffield's industrial landscape, contrasting it with Manchester, and how did it contribute to the broader understanding of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Sheffield specialized in high-quality steel production dominating the British market
Skilled laborers predominantly worked in small workshops, not factories, unlike other industrial areas
Steel production decentralized across various small and medium businesses, not centralized in large factories
Introduction of the steam engine marked the notable industrialization aspect, enabling steam-powered grinding and contributing to workplace health issues
Shared characteristics included poor sanitary conditions similar to London or Manchester and the connection between steam power and unsanitary living conditions
What are the key aspects of the American System of Manufacture (ASM) involving specialized machinery, standardization, and interchangeable parts?
ASM utilized highly specialized machine tools arranged to ensure continuous production flow. It standardized parts, ensuring uniform specifications and interchangeability across machines, unlike handcrafted unique parts. This transition facilitated ease in part replacement and uniformity across products, similar to cars with interchangeable parts under ASM.
What factors contributed to the delayed adoption of interchangeable parts in the United States compared to Europe?
In Europe, the use of interchangeable parts was first successful in France but was halted by the government due to concerns about losing control over the labor force. These techniques were forgotten until their implementation in the United States, albeit through a mix of fact and fiction tied to Eli Whitney's efforts.
How did Eli Whitney's involvement shape the narrative around interchangeable parts, and what challenges were discovered regarding his demonstrations?
Whitney is credited as the "father of interchangeable parts," yet his demonstrations masked the reality of non-interchangeable rifle parts. Scholars found that Whitney's demonstrations were based on pre-marked parts and hand-filing, creating an illusion of interchangeability rather than establishing actual standardized production processes.
Which institutions were instrumental in the development of interchangeable parts in the United States, and how did this knowledge diffuse to other industries?
The US Ordnance Department and armories played a pivotal role in advancing interchangeable parts, particularly within the military sector. Knowledge diffusion, often through workforce mobility, spread these techniques to other industries, promoting the growth of intermediary industries adopting ASM processes.
Important Patents in the Second Industrial Revolution was
Electrical goods and power, communications, sound recording, film, chemicals, bicycles, automobiles and aircraft
Winners and losers from the first industrial age
The winners were the factory owners, the nation states, colonial owners and the people who were rich already. The Losers were workers, the children, the slaves and the natives.
Ford and Mass Production
After more experimentation, in 1913 the Ford Motor Company displayed to the world the complete assembly-line mass production of motor vehicles. The technique consisted of two basic elements: a conveyor system and the limitation of each worker to a single repetitive task.
