BIOL 1020 Lecture 2- Intro to Biology

Describe the basic properties of living organisms.

All Real Rabbits Really Grow Using Order

• Adapts by evolutionary adaptation

• Regulates itself

• Responsive to environment

• Reproduces

• Growth and development

• Ordered

Life is ordered…

• organized into highly ordered structure

• Energy must be put into the system to maintain order

• non living things can also be order (they just take up less energy)

Life uses energy…

evident by:

• maintenance of order

• Reproduction

• Movement in the environment

• Obtaining resources and food for fpfrowrh and ecelipmenr

Life undergoes growth and development…

• DNA is inherited and controls the pattern of growth and development through the regulation of gene expression

Life responds to its environment…

We recognize life by what living things do:

• constant monitoring of it’s environment

• Predator avoidance

• Changing diet according to season

• Tilting leaves and flowers towards the light

• Regulating internal conditions

Life regulates itself (example)…

• homeostwtsid is the steady state regulation of the organisms

• Often a response to environment

• Flow of blood through vessels

Life reproduces…

• life needs to make more of its own kind

• Asexual and sexual modes of reproduction

• Cloning, fragmentation, budding and sex

Life adapts by evolutionary adaption…

• populations of species (not an individual) adapt to their changing environment by evolutionary

• The environment selects against individuals that are not suited to the environment via natural selection

What is a virus?

• infectious agents with both living and nonliving characteristics

• Viruses are obligate, infectious, intracellular parasites

Arrange levels of biological organization in its proper order and define it

1. Biosphere - all life of earth

2. Ecosystems - all living things in a particular area, along with its nonliving components

3. Communities - assemblages of different populations living closely with interaction potential

4. Populations - interbreeding individuals living in the same area

5. Organisms - individual living things

6. Organs - a collection of different tissues with specialized function

7. Tissues - collection of differentiated, specialized cells

8. Cells - life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

9. Organelles - various components in a cell

10. Molecules - chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms
    
    “Broke Exhausted Collage People Only Order Takeout + Cry Over Midterms”

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

There’s a one way flow of energy in the ecosystem.

• In photosynthesis, plants convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy and is stored in food molecules like organs,

• Consumers are organisms like animals that feed on other organisms or remains

• Organisms use chemical energy to perform work (eg. Muscle cells or cell division), and some of that energy is lost to the surroundings as heat

Chemicals are respchoed within an ecosystem; absorbed by plants (soil/air), then passed down to animals that eat it

Returned to the environment by decomposes that break down waste

Arrange the taxa in their Linnaean hierarchy

King Philip’s Cried Out For Goodness Sake

• kingdim

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Cause vs Correlation

Cause - Factor A leads to Factor B; cause and effect - experiments are needed

(Eg. drink too much → hangover)

Correlation - When Factor A changes, so does Factor B; association between variables

(Eg. heart rate increases with physical activities)

Are viruses living or non living?

Viruses are nonliving, acellular

(H DEFINITION)

Cell theory

The fundamental unit of life is the cell

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes:

• two domains: bacteria and arches

• Use DNA as genetic code

• No nucleus

• Single celled

Eukaryotes:

• one domains: eukarya

• Use DNA as genetic code

• Have a nucleus and other internal compartments (ie. membrane bound organelles)

• Single celled or multicellular

The study of life reveals common themes

• zooming in on the evoked of biological hierarchy is called reductionism

• Life transmits genetic information

• *the central dogma of biology

• Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter

Life transmits genetic information…

-DNA is the genetic material of life

• it’s packaged in chromosomes in eukaryotes

• DNA is passed down to new generations in two ways

  • mitosis and meiosis

Genes are heritable units of DNA

• they encode for proteins, other RNA molecules, etc

• Gene expression is the entire process of DNA replication, transcription and translation that is required to manufacture cellular products

What is the scientific method?

• make an observation

• Form a question

• Form a testable hypothesis

• Conduct an experiment: collect data and observations to determine if your hypothesis is supported or not

• report the results

Note: a hypothesis cannot be proven, only supported or not supported.