identity and personality

undifferentiated

low scoring in both genders

androgynous

high scoring in both genders

hierarchy of salience

situation dictates which identity holds most importance at any given moment

actual self

self-discrepancy theory the way we see ourselves

idealself

self-discrepancy theory the person we would like to be

ought self

self-discrepancy theory what we think others want us to be

self-efficacy

belief in ability to succeed

anal stage

1-3 gratification of libido through elimination and retention of waste

excessive orderliness or sloppiness in the adult

fixation during anal stage

phallic stage

3-5 envy of intimate relationship between parents

electra conflict

penis envy in females

oedipus conflict

fear of castration in males

genital stage

puberty

trust v mistrust

0-1 can i trust the world

autonomy v shame and doubt

1-3 do i have control?

initiative vs guilt

3-6 can i do this myself?

industry vs inferiority

6-12 am i capable of affecting the world

identity vs role confusion

12-20 how will i choose to affect the world

intimacy vs isolation

20-40 can i love

generativity vs stagnation

40-65 how can i be satisfied with my life

integrity vs despair

65+ am i satisfied with my life

preconventional

kohlberg theory of moral reasoning preadolescence emphasizes consequences of moral choice

emphasizes consequences of moral choice

preadolescence kohlberg preconventional

conventional

kohlberg theory of morality see themselves in terms of relationships with others

see themselves in terms of relationships with others

adolescence kohlberg conventional

based on social mores

adulthood kohlberg postconventional

postconventional

kohlberg theory of morality based on social mores

kohlberg obedience

preconventional stage 1 avoiding punishment

kohlberg self interest

preconventional stage 2 gaining rewards instrumental relativist stage

kohlberg conformity

conventional stage 3 seeking approval of others

kohlberg law and order

conventional stage 4 maintenance of social order

social contract kohlberg

postconventional stage 5 moral rules are conventions designed to ensure greater good with reasoning focused on individual rights

universal human ethics kohlberg

postconventional stage 6 decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles

role-taking

pretend play to understand the perspectives of others

theory of mind

ability to sense how another’s mind works

looking glass self

our understanding of how others see us

reference group

group used as a standard to evaluate the self-concept

pleasure principle

id aim to achieve immediate gratification

primary process

id’s response: obtain satisfaction now

wish fulfillment

mental imagery that satisfies id

basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce

id

reality principle

ego takes into account objective reality to guide or inhibit id

secondary process

ego’s guidance of id

superego

perfection in accordance with social norms

conscience

collection of improper actions that were punished

ego-ideal

collection of proper actions that were rewarded

preconscious

thoughts we aren’t currently aware of

unconscious

repressed thoughts

repression

ego forces undesired thoughts to unconscious

suppression

conscious form of forgetting

regression

reversion to earlier developmental state

thematic apperception test

client makes up a story about a series of pictures to elucidate unconscious thoughts and feelings

rationalization

justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to self and society

displacement

transference of undesired urge towards one to another

projection

shifting ownership of undesired feelings to others

sublimation

transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors (psychosexual latency stage)

personal unconscious

jung unconsciously suppressed desires

collective unconscious

jung common residue of experiences shared among all humans

archetype

jung universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, and personalities

persona

jung archetype part of our personality that is presented to the world

anima/animus

jung archetype gender-inappropriate qualities

shadow

jung archetype unpleasant thoughts, feelings, actions in unconscious mind

self

jung point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind

creative self

adler force by which individuals shape their uniqueness and establish their personality

style of life

adler the manifestation fo creative self and the unique way of achieving superiority

fictional finalism

adler motivation by expectations of the future than by past experiences

basic anxiety

horney vulnerability and helplessness caused by inadequate caregiving

basic hostility

horney anger caused by neglect and rejection

ten neurotic needs

horney to overcome basic anxiety or basic hostility by moving toward people, moving against people, or moving away from people

representation of caregivers based on subjective experiences during infancy

object

object relations theory

objects/representation of caregivers persist into adulthood and impact interactions with others

gestalt therapy

humanistic holistic view of the self as a whole avoids reducing person to individual behaviors or drives

field

lewin one’s current state of mind, sum of forces/influences on the individual at that time

peak experiences

maslow profound life experiences of the self-actualized

personal construct psychology

george kelly people devise and test predictions about the behavior of others

unconditional positive regard

acceptance of client in positive therapeutic environment

nondirective/client-centered

carl rogers clients reflect on problems, determine their own destiny

wet and hot

blood air

hot and dry

yellow bile fire

dry and cold

black bile earth

cold and wet

phlegm water

negative affect

related to neuroticism - how a person thinks of themselves and experiences negative emotions

cardinal traits

traits which people organize their lives around

central traits

easily identifiable personality traits

secondary traits

other characteristics more limited in occurrence

functional autonomy

allport continuation of behavior despite satisfaction of the drive

N-ach

mcclelland peresonality trait need for achievement

reciprocal determinism

social cognitive environment, past experiences, feelings interact with each other in decision-making