Dental Anatomy Session 6 (cytology, tissues, head and neck embryology)

The __ is the basic unit of function in living organism

cell

The __ __ is the wall of cell which keeps cellular fluid in and foreign materials out

cell membrane

Nucleus contains __ and __ which control cell operation

DNA, RNA

The __ __ is the outermost boundary in animal cells

plasma membrane

The interior of cells contains ___ suspended in ___, where most cellular activities occur

organelles, cytoplasm

The __ controls cell function

nucleus

What does the nucleus contain?

1. chromatin

2. nuceleolus

The __ __ __ is an interconnecting of tubules within cell fluid that manufactures protein for export

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is controlled by ___

RNA

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ___ on its surface

ribosomes

What are the 6 membrane bound organelles?

1. nucleus

2. rough E.R

3. smooth E.R.

4. golgi bodies

5. lysosomes

6. mitochondria

The __ generates fuel for cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

mitochondria

The mitochondria is referred to as the ___ of the cell

powerhouse

What are the 3 non-membranous organelles?

1. ribosomes

2. microtubules

3. centrioles

An __ is the entire living entity

organism

A ___ is a collection of cells which are grouped together and serve a single function

tissue

An ___ is a collection of tissues which serve one or more essential functions

organ

___ is found in chromosomes (during nonmitotic times it is found throughout nucleus)

DNA

___ is found in nucleolus and carries genetic information from DNA to manufacturing part of cell

RNA

__ __ package proteins for export, a thin membrane is produced to surround the material so it can move around the cell and later outside it, without mixing with the ___

golgi bodies, cytoplasm

___ are the scavengers of the cell and digest foreign bodies or other organelles that die

lysosomes

Lysosomes contain __ __ and rid cell of waste products

digestive enzymes

__ are the infoldings of inner membrane of mitochondria that form projections

cristae

Cristae have enzymes on their surface to aid ___

metabolism

__ manufacture proteins for cell use

ribosomes

___ and ___ allow a cell to hold its shape

microtubules, microfilaments

Microtubules are hollow rods composed of __-__ and __-__, subunits of the protein tubulin

alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin

___ are bundles of microtubules functioning in mitosis by aiding in alignment of poles of a dividing cell

centrioles

What are the 4 classifications of tissues?

1. epithelium

2. connective (includes blood)

3. muscle

4. nervous

__ tissue is a group of cells that make up skin and line the inside of tubes and cavities of body

epithelial

Glands, pancreas, and liver originate from ___

epithelium

Epithelial tissue has different classifications according to number of __ __

cell layers

Single layered epithelial tissue is also known as __ epithelium

simple

Multiple layered epithelial tissue is also known as ___ epithelium

stratified

Epithelium interlocks with underlying connective tissue via __ __

rete pegs

Skin is dry with prominent __ layer, mucosa is moist with little or no ___

keratin, keratin

Mucosa often has areolar-rich submucosa, known as __ __ which lends elasticity

lamina propria

Epithelium is separated by underlying connective tissue by the __ __

basement membrane

The __ __ layer is at the bottom of the epithelium where cell division is occurring

basal cell

__ is limited to connective tissue and does not extend into epithelium

vasculature

__ endings extend into epithelium

nerve

__ means flat or platelike

squamous

Simple squamous epithelium is __ layer thick, not extremely protective and allows some materials to pass through

1

Simple squamous epithelium allows for exchange of __ and __ __ between the linings of the lungs and the capillaries

oxygen, carbon dioxide

What are the 2 types of simple squamous epithelium?

1. endothelial cells

2. mesothelial cells

__ cells lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the heart

endothelial

___ cells lines body cavities

mesothelial

Simple cuboidal epithelium are __ layer but thicker than squamous layer

1

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?

1. kidneys

2. glands

3. respiratory passages

___ may be present on simple cuboidal epithelium, which will trap contaminants and move them out of respiratory tract

cilia

What is the main function of the simple columnar epithelium?

absorption of products within digestive tract

___ are ultrastructural projections that help with breakdown, increase the simple columnar epithelium cell's surface area

microvilli

__ cells are columnar cells packed together to form small ducts

pyramidal

The ___ end of simple columnar epithelium is the side facing the underlying tissue

basal

The __ end of simple columnar epithelium is the side facing the free surface or lumen

apical

Simple columnar epithelium is also found in ___ ducts

glandular

With __ columnar epithelium all cells reach the basement membrane but are different heights

pseudostratified

What is the most prominent type of epithelium in respiratory passages?

pseudostratified columnar

__ cells are single celled glands intermixed with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that secrete mucous

goblet

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium secrete __ and lubricates the epithelial surface

mucous

The oral mucosa may be simple or stratified ___ epithelium depending on location

squamous

Oral mucosa may exhibit ___, ___ or no keratin

keratin, parakeratin

What is the most common type of epithelium?

stratified squamous

__ __ epithelium covers the body and makes up mucosae of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anal region

stratified squamous

What are the 4 layers of stratified squamous epithelium?

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum granulosum

3. stratum spinosum

4. stratum basale (germinativum)

The __ __ is the single layer of cuboidal cells resting on underlying connective tissue of basement membrane in stratified squamous epithelium

stratum basale

What layer do cells divide and form more cells to replace cells that are lost in stratified squamous epithelium?

stratum basale

Cells are pushed out of stratum basale layer into the __ __ layer above it

stratum spinosum

The stratum spinosum layer can vary from __ or __ rows of cells to __ or more

2 or 3, 10

Cells in the stratum spinosum layer appear ___ shaped, having many small points

star

__ are intracellular modifications where cells attach, causing the star shaped cells in stratum spinosum layer

desmosomes

__ __ is evident in thick skin

stratum granulosum

Stratum granulosum appears as __ or __ layers of flattened cells in stratified squamous epithelium

2, 3

Stratum granulosum contains __ within their cytoplasm

granules

Granules within stratum granulosum layer are made up of ___

keratohyalin

What are the 3 different layers present in the stratum corneum layer of stratified squamous epithelium?

1. nonkeratinized

2. partly of parakeratinized

3. keratinized

In nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium there is no __ __ present

stratum granulosum

In partly or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithlium has very thin __ __

stratum granulosum

In keratinized stratified squamous epithelium there is no __, and opaque cells

nuclei

The __ __ is located in thick skin, such as palms and hands or soles of feet

stratum lucidum

Where is stratum lucidum located?

between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

___ tissue connects parts of the body together

connective

Connective tissue originates from ___

mesoderm

What 5 items does dense irregular connective tissue contain?

1. cells

2. fibers

3. ground substance

4. nerves

5. blood vessels

__ are connective tissue cells that forms collagen fibers

fibroblasts

Dense irregular connective tissue is named that because __ run in all directions

fibers

The __ __ connective tissue is the source of nutrients for epithelium of the skin

dense irregular

Dense irregular connective tissue is non-elastic and holds epithelium to __ or __, holds bones together, attaches muscles to bone and holds __ in sockets

muscles, bone, teeth

___ attach muscle to bone

tendons

___ attach bone to bone

ligaments

What type of connective tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?

dense regular fibrous

In dense regular fibrous connective tissue __ fibers run parallel

collagen

__ is noncalcified supporting component of the body (some does calcify) and can be found in the larynx

cartilage

What type of connective tissue is found in the larynx?

cartilage

___ tissue is the bottom of connective tissue layer, found in loose connective tissue

adipose

___ or ___ bone is found in the middle of bone and is also known as bone marrow

spongy, cancellous

Spongy or cancellous bone is also known as __ __

bone marrow

Spongy or cancellous bone is __ producing or __ storing tissue

blood, fat

__ or __ bone is the hard outer layer of bone

compact, dense

What 5 items make up compact or dense bone?

1. osteoblasts

2. osteocytes

3. collagen fibers

4. hydroxyapatite

5. ground substance