Unit VIII terms

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Renaissance

Renaissance

(rebirth) was revival of art and learning and of Greek and Roman culture

-Birth of the Renaissance (1400s)

Humanism

Study of Greco-Roman philosophy led to humanism which focused on human potential and achievements [Reflected in literature and art (ex. paintings no longer just religious)

Protestant Reformation

a religious reform movement that swept through Europe during the renaissance that resulted from Protestantism, which was founded by Martin Luther, as opposition to the way the Church and Christianity was currently operating/ruling.

Martin Luther

-a German monk/professor

-posted his 95 Theses (arguments) on the door of a church (sparked Reformation)

-His major complaints were corruption and the sale of indulgences

-Luther and Lutherans believed-Salvation can only be won by faith in God’s forgiveness

-All religious teachings should be based on Bible so rejected authority of pope and Church tradition

-No need for priests to interpret Bible

95 Theses

Martin Luther posted 95 complaints on a Church door with everything he felt should be changed about the Church (sparked Reformation).

Henry VIII:

-splits from Catholic Church so he can end his marriage and remarry

-wanted to increase his own power and seize the land and wealth of the Church

-Executed many who opposed him (including St. Thomas More) for “treason”

John Calvin

expanded on Luther’s ideas and believed in predestination

Predestination

the idea that God already knows who will be saved

Johannes Gutenberg

Gutenberg’s printing press gives regular people (not just clergy) access to Bible and other books

Catholic Reformation (AKA Counter Reformation)

Movement to reform the Catholic Church in response to Reformation

Aztecs

an early american civilization, began as nomads who were hired as soldiers.

Tenochtitlan

capital of Aztec Empire

Incas

small kingdom in a fertile valley in Andes Mountains near west coast of South America

Caravel

sturdy ships with triangular sails allowed ships to sail into wind

Astrolabe

developed by the Muslims, allowed sailors to use stars to determine location in open sea (same as magnetic compass)

magnetic compass

developed by the Chinese, allowed sailors to use stars to determine location in open sea (same as astrolabe)

conquistadors

Spanish conquerors/explorers who used superior technology to force natives out of their land

Hernan Cortes

defeated Aztecs with 600 men in 1521

Francisco Pizarro

conquered Incas with 200 men (c. 1530s)

Columbian Exchange/Triangular Trade

Products being shared between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas