AP Testing and learning differences.

Intelligence

the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, problem solve, and adapt to new situations

Psychometrics

the science of measuring mental capacities and constructs.

Spearman’s General Intelligence (g)

a single factor for intelligence

Factor analysis

identifies clusters of related items on a test and it is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s score.

executive functioning

 the mental abilities necessary to plan, focus attention, remember and juggle multiple tasks at once.

apitude tests

measure ability or potential

achievement tests

measure what one’s learned and accomplished.

speed tests

evaluate how fast one can complete the problems

Power tests

evaluate the difficulty level of the problems that a person can solve.

group tests

administered to a large number of people at a time

individual tests

facilitated actively between an examiner and an examinee individually.

split-half reliability

dividing a test into 2 sections and correlating the performances on both halves.

Equivalent form reliability

measures the correlation of performance on different forms of the same test.

Test-Retest Reliability

measures the correlation between a previous test administration and a subsequent one.

validity

 the accuracy of a test.

face validity

 a superficial measure of accuracy.

content validity

how well a measure reflects the range of material being tested.

predictive validity

 a measure of future performance.

criterion validity

measures the characteristic criteria to meet- concurrent and predictive

construct validity

uses independent measures to correlate perspective with progress.

Gardner’s multiple intelligences

interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily, spatial, musical, logical, linguistic, naturalistic 

Sternberg’s Triarchic theory

There are three intelligences.

Analytic intelligence

Mental steps or components used to solve problems.

Practical intelligence.

Ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life.

Creative intelligence

Use of experience in ways that foster insight.

Daniel Goleman

Emotional Intelligence - measured in EQ (emotional quotient)

Emotional quotient identifies how well you…

1. Accurately identify emotion in self and others

2. Awareness of how emotions shape thinking and decision making

3. Understand and analyze emotions they are experiencing

4. Self-control to regulate one's’ emotions

Francis Galton

began modern intelligence movement through surveying and using applied statistics 

Alfred Binet

goal was to find children in France who needed special classes

Mental Age

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to the a given level of performance

Lewis Terman

edited Binet’s test and created the Stanford-Binet test to identify innate (biologically based)  intelligence

wechsler adult intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most widely used intelligence test that contains a verbal and nonverbal scale

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of pretested group

normal curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

Flynn effect

IQ scores have been improving since the 1920s 

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases with age

Fluid Intelligence

ability to reason speedily and abstractly - tends to decrease in late adulthood

Intellectually Disabled

an IQ score of 70 or below

Genetic Influences

twin studies, adoption studies

Environmental Influences

Effects of extreme deprivation, malnutrition 

Heritability

many researchers have concluded that intelligence is 50-60% heritable

 stereotype threat

when reminded of a negative stereotypes, people did worse on IQ test

Racial and Ethnic Differences

the more dominant group outscores the minority and that group differences may be entirely environmental. Found IQ tests today outperform those of the 1930s more than differences in groups

Female vs. Male

• females → verbal and emotional tasks, locating objects, and more sensitive to touch, taste color

• males → spatial and complex math

• males and females equal in math performance and more equal societies show less math gap