Viro part 1 Finals

Retro means

Backwards

Retroviridae is enveloped or non-enveloped

enveloped

Retroviridae has ____________

two linear positive-sense single strands of RNA

Retroviridae is _______ means transcribes viral RNA to double stranded DNA

Reverse transcriptase

Retroviridae DNA copies of the viral genome are synthesized in the _______

Cytoplasm

• Addition of long terminal repeats (LTR)

• Serves as provirus

Retroviridae

Integrase

integration into the host’s chromosomal DNA

Retroviridae is ________

Integrase

High mutation rate (errors during reverse transcription)

Retroviridae

In retroviridae, recombination between

retroviral genomes occur

Endogenous retroviruses

remnants of ancient retroviral infections, where copy of reverse transcribed viral DNA is integrated in chromosomal DNA after previous retrovirus infection

Exogenous retroviruses

capable of horizontal transmission

gag

encodes the major structural nonglycosylated polyproteins

pro

encodes protease responsible for facilitating viral protein maturation

pol

encodes multifunctional protein that includes reverse transcriptase and integrase enzyme

env

encodes the antigenic surface glycoproteins and transmembrane protein

Important Genera in Retroviridae

•Genus Alpharetrovirus

•Genus Betaretrovirus

•Genus Gammaretrovirus

• Genus Deltavirus

• Genus Epsilonretrovirus

• Genus Lentivirus

• Genus Spumavirus

induce neoplastic transformation in cells

Oncogenic retroviruses

Genus Alpharetrovirus

Avian Leukosis

Genus Betaretrovirus

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Genus Gammaretrovirus

Feline Leukemia virus

Genus Deltavirus

Bovine Leukemia virus

Genus Epsilonretrovirus

Walleye Dermal Sarcoma

Lenti means

slow

Genus Lentivirus

lifelong infections; long incubation

Genus Lentivirus

• Bovine immunodeficiency virus

• JembranaDisease Virus

• Equine Infectious Anemia

•Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

• Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

• Visna/Maedi (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia)

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection shed in the _____

Saliva

Feline immunodeficiency virus transmission

Through bites

Feline immunodeficiency virus replicates principally in _________

CD4+ (helper) T lymphocytes

Feline immunodeficiency virus produces

progressive deterioration in cell mediated immunity

Feline immunodeficiency virus phases

acute, prolonged asymptomatic, vague clinical signs, terminal phase

Clinical signs of Feline immunodeficiency virus

• Fever, leukopenia, anemia, weight loss, lymphadenitis, chronic gingivitis, behavoural changes

• Common: chronic stomatitis and gingivitis

• Others: Respiratory, enteric, skin infections

Diagnosis for Feline immunodeficiency virus

serological testing, ELISA, Immunoblotting, indirect IFA

Treatment for Feline immunodeficiency virus

control of secondary infection

Control for Feline immunodeficiency virus

prevention of exposure

Feline immunodeficiency virus has a vaccine or not

No vaccine

Equine Infectious Anemia Transmitted mechanically

• Haematophagous insects (E.g. Tabanus spp., Stomoxys spp.); summer

• Iatrogenic transmission (e.g. contaminated needles and surgical instruments)

Equine Infectious Anemia replication

Macrophages, monocytes, Kuppfer cells

Equine Infectious Anemia clinical signs

Fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and initiating glomerulonephritis

Equine Infectious Anemia diagnosis

serology, detection of serum Ab to core virus protein (p26); AGID test (Coggins test)

Small Ruminant Lentivirus

• Maedi/Visna virus (MVV)

• Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)

Small Ruminant Lentivirus is __________

Frequently subclinical

Small Ruminant Lentivirus occurs in _______

infected monocytes

Maedi

labored breathing/shortness of breath (respiratory)

Visna

neurological sign “shrinkage or wasting”

What is the diagnosis of Small ruminant Lentivirus

AGID and ELISA

What is the important source of Small ruminant lentivirus

Milk from infected animals

Birnaviridae is enveloped or non-enveloped

Non-enveloped

Brinaviridae is DNA or RNA viruses

RNA viruses

Birnaviridae replicate ______

Cytoplasm

Birnaviridae contains

two segments of linear, dsRNA

Stable over wide pH range

Birnaviridae

In what temperature is stable over wide pH range in Birnaviridae

temp. 60C for 1hr

Three genera of Birnaviridae

infecting chickens, fish and insects

Infectious bursal disease (IBDV)

Highly contagious disease of young chickens

Infectious bursal disease is first isolated in

Gumboro, Delaware (“Gumboro disease”)

What is the most prominent lesion of Bursal infectious disease in chicken

cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius)

Infectious bursal disease is acquired by

Oral route

Infectious bursal disease shed in feces for _______ after infection

up to 2 weeks

Infectious bursal disease can remain infectious in the environment for _______

Several months

What is the main target cell of Infectious bursal disease

B lymphocytes and precursors in the bursa

In terms of age of acute form of Bursal infectious disease

3-6 weeks of age

What is the clinical signs of Bursal infectious disease

Depressed, inappetent, diarrhea, vent pecking

What is the morbidity rate of Infectious bursal diseases

10 - 100 %

What is the mortality rate of Infectious Bursal disease

20%

What is the viral antigen detection of Infectious bursal disease

• Immunofluorescence staining of impression smears or sections of bursal tissue

• ELISA

• gel diffusion

• Electron microscopy

• Isolation in embryonated eggs

• RT-PCR

Infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish first described in _______

Rainbow trout

Infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish is

Economic losses in freshwater and marine aquaculture

Infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish ________________ of several salmonid fish species

Highly contagious and lethal disease

In infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish, the visceral organ contains

ropey mucus, multiple petechiae

What is the diagnosis of infectious pancreatic necrosis of fish

• Virus isolation (fish cell cultures)

• Kidney –tissue of choice for sampling

• Immunofluorescence

Paramyxoviridae is affinity for _______

mucous membranes

What is the shaped of paramyxoviridae

Pleomorphic

Paramyxoviridae is enveloped or non-enveloped

enveloped

In paramyxoviridae, what is the budding place

Plasma membrane

what is the appearance of paramyxoviridae

Herring bone

what is the symmetry of paramyxoviridae

helical

What type of capsid that had o0n Paramyxoviridae

Nucleocapsid

Paramyxoviridae replication

Cytoplasm

Paramyxoviridae is

Single negative-sense, single-stranded RNA

Paramyxoviridae may exhibit

hemagglutinating, haemolytic, neuraminidase activities

Paramyxoviridae replication occurs primarily in the ______

Respiratory tract

In paramyxoviridae, formation of_____

syncytia and intracytoplasmic, acidophilic inclusions

Important genera of Paramyxoviridae

• Genus Avulavirus

• Genus Henipavirus

• Genus Morbillivirus

• Genus Respirovirus

• Genus Rubulavirus

Genus Avulavirus(Avian) •Important disease:

Newcastle Disease (NCD)

Genus Henipavirus(reservoir:

Pteropus sp. Fruit bats) - Zoonotic

Genus Henipavirus important diseases

Hendra virus and Nipah virus

Hendra Virus

severe respiratory disease in horses

Nipah Virus

in workers handling pigs (amplifying hosts)

Newcastle Disease •Strains:

•Velogenic

•Mesogenic

•Lentogenic – commonly used as vaccine

Velogenic

most pathogenic; high mortality

Lentogenic

commonly used as vaccine

Clinical signs of Newcastle disease

Torticollis (twisting of neck)

Genus Morbillivirus important diseases

• Rinderpest

• Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR)

• Canine Distemper

• Measles (rubeola)

Rinderpest

“Cattle plague”

Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR)

“Sheep and goat plague”, highly contagious

Measles (rubeola)

a disease of humans, may also infect nonhuman primates

Genus Respirovirus important disease

Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3

Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3

potential role in “shipping fever”

Genus Rubulavirus important diseases

• Porcine Rubulavirus

• Canine parainfluenza virus 5

• mumps, human parainfluenza viruses 2 & 4