Pathophysiology Nursing Final

Anorexia

Loss of appetite often preceding nausea and vomiting in digestive system disorders.

Nausea

Unpleasant subjective feeling triggered by various stimuli like distention, irritation, or smells in the digestive tract.

Vomiting

Forceful expulsion of stomach contents, controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla.

Diarrhea

Excessive frequency of loose or watery stools, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Steatorrhea

Fatty diarrhea with bulky, greasy stools, characteristic of malabsorption syndromes like celiac disease.

Constipation

Infrequent bowel movements with small, hard stools, caused by various factors like decreased peristalsis.

Cholelithiasis

Formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts, leading to biliary colic and obstruction.

Hepatitis C

Liver inflammation and necrosis causing direct injury to the liver, potentially becoming chronic.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing due to various causes like neurologic deficits, mechanical obstructions, or muscular disorders.

Hiatal hernia

Part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity, leading to symptoms like heartburn and reflux.

Cholelithiasis

gallstones, which are solid particles that form in the gallbladder.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

Cholangitis

Inflammation of the bile ducts, often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms include jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain.

Choledocholthiasis

Presence of gallstones in the common bile duct, causing obstruction and potential complications like jaundice and pancreatitis.

Liver function

Organ responsible for detoxifying chemicals, metabolizing drugs, producing bile for digestion, storing glycogen, and regulating blood sugar levels.

Hepatitis A symptoms

RNA, symptoms include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Hepatitis B pathophysiology

Partially double stranded DNA, viral infection of the liver, leading to inflammation, necrosis, and potential progression to chronic liver disease.

Hepatitis C pathophysiology

RNA, viral replication in hepatocytes, leading to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and potentially cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatitis C symptoms

fatigue, fever, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea, and joint pain. It can also lead to liver damage.

Prehepatic jaundice

occurs due to excessive breakdown of red blood cells, leading to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.

intrahepatic jaundice

occurs due to liver dysfunction, leading to the buildup of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Symptoms include yellowing of the skin and eyes.

Posthepatic Jaundice

caused by the obstruction of bile flow from the liver to the intestine, leading to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues.

Fatty liver

Alcoholic and idiopathic hepatitis

Local infection

Viral hepatitis