Unit 5 AP Gov

Which constitutional amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States?

 14th Amendment

The primary purpose of the citizenship clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was to

grant citizenship to formerly enslaved people

Which amendment prohibited denying the right to vote based on race?

 15th Amendment

Following the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, many states limited African American voting through

literacy tests and poll taxes

Which amendment established the direct election of U.S. senators?

17th Amendment

Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, U.S. senators were selected by

state legislatures

Which amendment granted women the right to vote nationwide?

19th Amendment

The terms suffrage and franchise both refer to

the right to vote

Which amendment banned poll taxes in federal elections?

24th Amendment

Poll taxes historically served as a barrier to voting primarily for

minority and low-income voters

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was most directly associated with increasing voter turnout among

African American voters in the South

Which amendment lowered the national voting age to 18?

26th Amendment

The slogan “old enough to fight, old enough to vote” was associated with support for

 lowering the voting age

Voting based on what a person believes is in their own self-interest is called

rational choice voting

A small business owner voting for a candidate who promises to lower taxes is an example of

 retrospective voting

Retrospective voting refers to voting based on

the past performance of elected officials

A voter who decides whether to re-elect a president based on the current state of the economy is engaging in

retrospective voting

Prospective voting occurs when voters

 decide which candidate will best handle future issues

Straight-ticket voting refers to

 voting for all candidates from the same political party

Which of the following voting behaviors requires the least knowledge about individual candidates?

Straight-ticket voting

Which of the following best describes structural barriers in elections?

Laws and policies that make voting easier or more difficult

In the United States, which level of government is primarily responsible for administering federal elections?

 State governments

Which policy is most directly intended to increase voter turnout?

 Early voting opportunities

Supporters of voter photo ID laws most commonly argue that such laws are necessary to

reduce voter fraud

Opponents of stricter voter identification laws often argue that such policies

 create barriers that discourage eligible voters from voting

Which of the following elections typically has the highest voter turnout?

Presidential elections

Which concept refers to a person’s belief that their political participation can influence government?

Political efficacy

According to political science research, which demographic group is most likely to vote?

Individuals with higher education levels

Which demographic factor is associated with higher voter turnout?

Higher education levels

Which of the following is generally the strongest predictor of how a person will vote?

Party identification

A voter who identifies as politically conservative is most likely to support which party?

Republican Party

Which of the following is an example of a candidate characteristic that may influence voters?

 Perceived honesty of the candidate

Issues that dominate political debate during an election cycle are known as

contemporary political issues

Which of the following statements best describes voting patterns by age?

Older voters tend to lean Republican

Which of the following groups has historically shown the strongest support for Democratic candidates?

 Black voters

Voting patterns by geographic location in the United States generally show that

 urban voters tend to favor Democrats

Which religious group is most strongly associated with Republican voting patterns?

White evangelical Protestants

Which demographic group tends to vote more frequently than men?

 Women

Which of the following would most likely increase voter turnout?

Automatic voter registration

Political scientists use demographic factors to predict voting behavior, but these predictions should be viewed as

broad trends with many exceptions

Which of the following best describes the role of linkage institutions in American politics?

They connect citizens with government policymakers

Which of the following is NOT considered a linkage institution?

The Supreme Court

The primary goal of political parties in the United States is to

win elections and gain political power

Political parties help mobilize voters primarily by

encouraging citizens to vote through GOTV efforts

A political party’s platform is best described as

a statement of a party’s policy positions and goals

Which of the following is an example of a political party recruiting candidates?

. Encouraging a well-known community leader to run for Congress

Political parties assist candidates during campaigns by

all of the above

Which of the following positions is typically held by a member of the majority party in the House of Representatives?

Speaker of the House

In Congress, the majority party typically controls

committee chairmanships

Candidate-centered politics refers to a trend in which

voters focus more on individual candidates than party labels

 

Which of the following developments has weakened the power of party leaders to choose candidates?

. The rise of primary elections

Primary elections allow

voters to choose their party’s candidates for office

Political parties often adjust their policy messages in order to

appeal to different demographic groups

A critical election is an election that

leads to new voter coalitions and long-term party dominance

A party realignment occurs when

voters shift their party loyalty for a long period of time

The election of 1932, which expanded the Democratic coalition, is often cited as an example of

a critical election

A regional realignment occurs when

A regional realignment occurs when

Which of the following is an example of regional realignment in U.S. politics?

The South shifting from Democratic to Republican support

Changes in campaign finance laws have allowed candidates to

rely less on political parties for fundraising

Modern political parties increasingly use technology and data to

target and mobilize voters more effectively

 Which of the following best describes a third party in the United States?

Any political party other than the two major parties

Which of the following is the largest third party in the United States as of 2022?

Libertarian Party

Which statement about political parties and the Constitution is accurate?

Political parties are not mentioned in the Constitution

The winner-take-all system primarily affects third parties by:

Making it difficult for them to win seats

 In a proportional representation system, seats are allocated based on:

Percentage of votes received

A third party receiving 13% of the vote in a winner-take-all system would most likely receive:

 0 seats

A plurality voting system is best defined as:

The candidate with the most votes wins

Which type of system is more likely to give third parties influence through runoff elections?

 Majority system

Ballot access requirements refer to:

Fees and signatures needed to appear on ballots

 Why do ballot access requirements disadvantage third parties?

They require resources that third parties often lack

The Electoral College acts as a barrier to third parties primarily because:

Most states award all votes to the winner

Which of the following is an example of an informal barrier?

Media coverage favoring major parties

When a major party adopts a third party’s key issue, it is known as:

Co-optation

Which of the following best explains the “wasted vote” syndrome?

 Voters avoid third parties because they think they cannot win

Why do third parties often struggle with fundraising?

They lack widespread support and infrastructure

Compared to major parties, third parties typically receive:

Less media attention

Debate rules often disadvantage third parties because:

 They are controlled by major parties and media organizations

Which structural feature most strongly reinforces a two-party system in the U.S.?

 Winner-take-all elections

Which of the following is an example of a newer centrist political movement?

Forward Party

Which of the following best summarizes the role of third parties in U.S. politics?

They influence issues but rarely win elections

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of interest groups?

to influence public policy

Interest groups differ from political parties in that interest groups typically

focus on a narrow set of issues

Which activity is most directly associated with lobbying?

Drafting legislation with lawmakers

 An interest group filing an amicus curiae brief is attempting to influence

The courts

Grassroots lobbying is best described as

mobilizing citizens to influence policymakers

Which of the following is an example of a selective benefit?

Member-only discounts or services

The free rider problem occurs when individuals

 benefit without contributing to the group

 The “revolving door” refers to

movement between government jobs and lobbying positions

Which of the following best illustrates an iron triangle?

 Interest groups, Congress, and bureaucratic agencies

 Interest groups often provide policymakers with

 expert knowledge supporting their positions

Which tactic involves encouraging people to vote or participate politically?

GOTV efforts

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest influence on policymakers?

A large, well-funded group

Which concept explains why some interest groups have more access to policymakers than others?

 Inequality of resources

Litigation as a strategy refers to

 filing lawsuits to influence policy

A single-issue group is defined as one that

targets one specific public policy issue

Social movements are best described as

 broad efforts to bring about major change

Civil disobedience involves

peaceful violation of laws to bring attention to injustice

Which of the following best represents a weakness of social movements?

Lack of clear goals or resources

Interest groups influence the bureaucracy primarily by

shaping regulations and implementation

The debate between pluralism and elite democracy centers on whether

 interest group influence is evenly distributed