Exercise Physiology Exam 1

What are examples of physical activity?

Washing the dishes, cleaning the house

What are examples of exercise?

Running, Walking, Lifting

What are examples of sports?

Hockey, Football, Soccer

What's the difference between sports and exercise?

In sports you have competition and exercise you just complete your program

What are the three different types of muscles?

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

What is smooth muscles sometimes called?

Involuntary muscle

Where is smooth muscle found?

In the wall of most blood vessels, and wall of internal organs

Where is cardiac muscle found?

The heart

Is cardiac muscle under conscious control?

No

Are skeletal muscles under conscious control?

Yes

Together with bones the skeletal muscles make up the what?

Musculoskeletal system

The human body has more than _____ skeletal muscles?

The human body has more than 600 skeletal muscles

What are the three different layers of connective tissue?

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

Where's the epimysium located?

Tissue around entire muscle belly

Where's the perimysium located?

Tissue around a bundle of muscle fibers

Where's the endomysium located?

Tissue around one muscle cell

What surrounds an individual muscle fiber?

Plasmalemma

What is the plasmalemma part of?

The sarcolemma

Inside the plasmalemma there are myo-fibrils what's inside the myo-fibrils?

The sarcoplasm

What does the sarcoplasm house?

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

What do the t-tubules provide?

They provide pathways for waste to leave the cells and substances to enter the cells

A network of tubules is known as?

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

The sarcoplasmic reticulum serves as a storage unit for what?

Calcium

What is the stored form of glucose called?

Glycogen

What's inside a muscle fiber?

Filaments (Thick and Thin)

What do thick filaments contain?

Myosin, titin

What is myosin?

Protein that binds and moves actin

What is titin's role in the muscle?

Center myosin, provide force when muscles are stretched, prevent overstretching and damage to the sarcomere

What do thin filaments contain?

Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin

What does tropomyosin do?

It's a tube-shaped protein that twists around the actin strand

What does troponin do?

A protein that's attached at intervals to both the actin and tropomyosin

What's nebulin?

An anchoring protein for actin

What's this called? (picture on answer slide)

Motor unit

An α-motor neuron is a nerve cell that connects with many muscle fibers. A single α-motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it directly signals are collectively termed a

Motor unit

In a motor unit what occurs between the muscle fibers and the axon terminal?

Neuromuscular junction

What's excitation contraction coupling in simple terms?

Muscle contraction

What does the hemoglobin do?

Carries oxygen in the blood

What does the myoglobin do?

Transfers oxygen in the cell

ATP can be hydrolyzed by what process?

ATPase

After the ATP process has occurred what is made?

ADP, and Inorganic Phosphate

At -90mv what's this called? (In the muscle)

Resting Membrane Potential

At -55mv what's this called? (In the muscle)

Threshold Potential

At +30mv what's this called? (In the muscle)

Action Potential

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

Type I (slow twitch)

Type II (fast twitch)

What are the extra Type II muscle fibers?

Type IIa, Type IIb/x

What's it called when fibers are activated upon recruitment?

Principle of orderly recruitment

A sprint is using what muscle fiber type?

A marathon is using what muscle fiber type?

Type II

Type I

What's the all or none response?

All muscle fibers activate or none do

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

Concentric, Eccentric, Isometric

What is happening to the muscle during concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions?

Concentric - Shortening of the muscle

Eccentric - Lengthening of the muscle

Isometric - Muscle stays at the same length

Are muscles always contracting during contractions?

Yes

More force can be generated when _____ is activated?

More motor units

What's a single electrical stimulus called?

Twitch

What are three stimuli called?

Summation

What is continuous stimulation called?

Tetanus

What is hypertrophy/atrophy?

Hypertrophy is when the muscle fibers grow/Atrophy is when the muscle fibers shrink

Most muscles are composed roughly of what?

50% type I fibers, 25% type IIa fibers, 25% type IIb

Type I has a ____ form of myosin ATPase

Slow

Type II has a ____ form of myosin ATPase

Fast

Which muscle fibers have a more developed sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Type II

A type I motor unit has a smaller cell body and innervates <____ muscle fibers?

300

A type II motor unit has a larger cell body and innervates >____ muscle fibers?

300

What exercises coincide with type I muscle fibers?

Aerobic and endurance training

What exercises coincide with type II muscle fibers?

Anaerobic and force training

As we grow older muscles tend to lose which type of muscle fibers?

Type II

What are the three energy substrates?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

What are substrates mostly made out of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and (in the case of protein) nitrogen

Where are carbs normally stored?

Muscle and Liver

How many grams can the muscle and liver store?

Muscle (500g) Liver (110g)

Where is glycogen stored in muscle cells?

Cytoplasm

Glucose can be found in what?

The blood

Can glycogen be found in the blood?

No

What breaks down creatine phosphate into creatine and inorganic phosphate?

Creatine Kinase (CK)

Muscle and liver glycogen stores are what?

Limited

Carbs are the only energy source used by what?

Brain tissue

When does fat get used for energy?

During prolonged less intense exercise

What's glycogenesis?

Glucose converted to glycogen

What's glycogenolysis?

Glycogen converted to glucose

What's gluconeogenesis?

Protein or fat is converted to glucose

What's lipogenesis?

Formation of fat

What do enzymes control?

Rate of chemical reactions

Going from ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP is called what?

Phosphorylation

Glycolysis is the process of turning _____ into _____?

Turning glucose into pyruvate

How many pyruvate do you make in glycolysis?

2

In anaerobic glycolysis what is produced?

Lactate

The rate limiting enzyme is called what?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

In anaerobic glycolysis how many ATP are made?

4

In anaerobic glycolysis how many net ATP are made?

2

In anaerobic glycolysis how many NADH are made?

2

In aerobic glycolysis how many ATP are made?

38

Prolonged exercise relies on what system?

Oxidative System

Anaerobic production of ATP takes place in what?

Cytoplasm

In the oxidative system, production of ATP occurs where?

Mitochondria

When is lactate good?

When it goes through a buffer system

When is lactate bad?

When it doesn't go through a buffer system

If you buffer lactate, what does it make?

ATP and NADH in glycolysis

What does FFA stand for?

Free Fatty Acids

One molecule of glycerol makes how many FFA's?

Three

What's the process of converting FFA to Acetyl CoA?

β-oxidation

β-oxidation yields how many molecules of acetyl CoA?

8 molecules