Histology Exam 2 - Info

What are the three specialized connective tissues?

Cartilage, bone, adipose tissue

What the roles of connective tissues?

Structure, protection, storage

What cells are in charge of cartilage maintenance?

Chondrocytes

What are the three characterizations of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

What is an issue with cartilage when It comes to healing?

It is avascular

Why is cartilage good protection?

Cushion and flexible

What is the most common form of cartilage (95%)?

Chondroid

What can you expect to see in a chondrocyte?

Nucleus, rough ER, Golgi, and mitochondria

What type of matrix does hyaline cartilage have?

Homogenous amorphous

What are the three major compounds in the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

Collagen, proteoglycans, and Multiadhesive glycoproteins

What percentage of hyaline cartilage is water?

40-60%

What is the model for developing bone (embryologic and fracture repair)?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the dense fibrous connective tissue that covers the cartilage to cartilage surfaces of hyaline cartilage?  

Perichondrium

What cartilage features much elastin in the matrix as well as collagen?

Elastic cartilage

What are the locations of elastic cartilage?

External ear, auditory tubes, and epiglottis

What cartilage is a combination with dense fibrous connective issue, has type 1 and 2 collagen, and reduces compressive and shearing forces?

Fibrocartilage

Where can fibrocartilage be found in the body?

IV disks, pelvic symphysis, articular disks meniscus

Where does cartilage arise from?

Mesoderm

What are the two things that cartilage can do to repair?

Eh (avascular) and calcification

What are mature bone cells?

Osteocytes

What are bone building cells (lays down bone matrix)?

Osteoblasts

What are the bone destroying cells?

Osteoclasts

What is the bone composed of?

Mineralized matrix 

Is the bone a living organ?

yes

What type of college is bone mostly composed of?

Type 1

What are the two minerals associated with the bone?

Ca and P

What are the four types of bone?

Long, short, flat, irregular

What are the two densities of bone?

Cancellous and dense

In bone, how are lacunae connected?

Canaliculi

From what part of the embryo did bone arise?

Mesoderm

What is the bone covered in?

Periosteum

What surface of the bone touches other surfaces?

Articular surfaces

What is the growth plate called?

Epiphysis

What is the unit of bone?

Osteon

What is the layer within centermost part of the bone?

Cavity endosteum

What are the cell bodies of the bone?

Lacunae

What are the cell processes of the bone?

Canaliculi

What  is the perforating canal of the bone?

Volkman's

What are the rings were osteocytes live?

Lacunae

What are the tubes in the bone that look like spider webbing and holds osteocytes?

Canaliculi

What shape are osteoblasts?

Cuboidal

Are osteoblast basophilic or eosinophilic?

Basophilic

What are mature bone cells that have lacuna which has cell processes and gap junctions?

Osteocytes

What is the resorptive bay of osteoclasts?

Howslip's lacuna

What bone cells believes in recycling (endocytic absorption)?

osteoclasts

What type of cells are osteoclasts?

Mononuclear hematopoietic progenitor cells

When osteoclasts have a ruffled border, what does that mean?

That it is active

What is released so that osteoclasts can break down bone?

Hydrolases and protons

What bones are endochondral?

Long bones, hyaline cartilage and epiphyseal

What bones are intramembranous?

Flat bones, mesenchymal, subperiosteal, spicules, trabeculae

How often is bone remodeling occurring?

Constantly

What hormone can raise the remodeling process?

PTH

What cells regulate bone remodeling extracellularly?

Parafollicular cells

What do parafollicular cells release?

Calcitonin

What stores energy in the body and helps with energy homeostasis?

Adipose tissue

What type of adipose tissue is unilocular?

White

What type of adipose tissue is multilocular?

Brown fat

What adipose tissue proves insulation, a cushion for vital organs, hormones, panniculus, and large cells?

White

What adipose tissue provides thermogenesis, is locally distributed, and aids with hibernation and with neonates?

Brown

What is an individual muscle cell?

myofiber

What are the contractile elements within a myofiber?

myofibril

What are the three layers of muscle?

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

What determines the mobility/dexterity of muscles?

Arrangement of myofibers

What part of the muscles are elongated, multinucleated, and composed of filaments/fibrils?

myofiber

What are the two types of filaments/fibrils?

actin and mysin

What are the thin filaments?

actin

What are the thick filaments?

myosin

What gives us the striations in muscles?

actin and myosin

Smooth or striated: Viscera muscle

smooth

Smooth or striated: skeletal muscles

striated

Smooth or striated: cardiac muscle

striated

Involuntary or voluntary: viscera

involuntary

Involuntary or voluntary: skeletal muscle

voluntary

Involuntary or voluntary: cardiac muscle

involuntary

What muscles can you consciously control?

skeletal

What muscle type acts as syncytium (together)?

skeletal muscle

What kind of nucleus does skeletal muscle have?

multinucleated, peripheral

What are the three colors of skeletal muscle

red, white, intermediate

T/F skeletal muscle is slow twitch

FALSE; it’s slow and fast

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?

Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb

What fiber type of fast, oxidative glycolutoic?

Type IIa

What fiber type is fast, glycolytic fibers?

Type IIb

What fiber type is slow, oxidative?

Type I

What type of fiber has a large amount of myoglobin, cytochrome, and mitochondria?

Type 1

What type of fiber is fatigue resistant?

type 1 and type IIa

What type of fiber has a lot of glycogen, mitochondria, and myoglobin?

Type IIa

Which fiber type is fatigue-prone?

type IIb

What fiber type has less myoglobin and mitochondria than the other fiber types but still has a lot of glycogen?

Type IIb

What fiber type has high lactic acid production?

Type IIb

What type of muscle do cheetahs and quarter horses have a lot of?

Type IIb

What are bundles of myofilaments?

myofibrils

What runs Z-line to Z-line?

Sarcomere

What band is in the middle of the sarcomere?

A band

What two bands surround the A band?

I bands

When muscles contract, what bands get smaller?

H and I bands

When muscle contract, what band stays the same?

A band

Do myofilaments shorten with contraction?

NO

How does muscle contract?

an increase in interdigitation

What ion controls muscle contration?

Ca

What holds Ca and is located in the cisterna of muscle?

sarcoplasmic reticulum