Geography - Paper 1 Topic 2 - Development Dynamics

What three factors make up HDI?

What is the scoring system?

years in education, average life expectancy at birth, GDP per capita

a score between one and zero, higher = better

What is fertility rate?

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime

How and why does fertility rate vary across levels of development?

Lower in developed countries, as children are viewed as priveledges rather than as assets

What is infant mortality rate?

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age for every 1000 live births

What are physical reasons for the development gap?

• landlocked countries have fewer trade opportunities

• tropical climates = tropical diseases = slows development

• natural disasters can slow, reverse or prevent development

What are historic reasons for the development gap?

• colonialism set up unequal and exploitary trade relationship

• many people argue that richer countries still exploit poorer ones without taking over their land (neo-colonialism)

What are economic/ political reasons for the development gap?

• tariffs prevent poorer countries selling finished products to rich ones. they remain poor because they can't make a lot of money from selling only raw materials

• countries with "closed economies" don't allow investment so grow more slowly

• corrupt governments don't spend money on health or education, creating a poorer, less valuable work force

What are social reasons for the development gap?

• countires that spend time and money on education and healthcare developed faster because a better workforce attracts more investment

How does development increase pollution in countries?

• as TNCs put FDI into emerging countries, more factories are built and the country rapidly industrialises

(secondary industry grows)

• governments don't want to disencourage this investment, so don't create any new laws, so there are no limits on disposal of factory waste or caps on greenhouse gases released from factories

• this causes an increase in air and water pollution, creating both respiratory and other health issues for a population

What is the Brandt Line?

An imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing all of the counties into the rich North and poor south based on GDP per CApita

How does today's world prove the Brandt Line to be incorrect?

• Brazil and Chile in South America have developed dramatically as their natural resources were exported.

• Brazil now has the 12th LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD

• The "asian tiger" economies in south east asia are also far more developed now

• outsourcing of TNCs has been mainly in the South

• global shift leads to massive development

What are the stages of Rostow's Theory?

Traditional society

pre-take off

take off

drive to maturity

age of mass consumption

Describe the traditional society from Rostow's 5 Stages

limited technology, most people work as hunter-gatherers or in agriculture, trade is still based on bartering

Describe the pre-take off stage from Rostow's 5 Stages

technology improves and intensive manufacturing industries begin to develop, agriculture becomes more mechanised, more output is traded and some development of infrastructure occurs

Describe the take off stage from Rostow's 5 Stages

rapid growth of manufacturing industry, better infrastructure, political and social institutions begin to develop and agriculture becomes less important. Administrative systems begin to develop to support further growth

Describe the drive to maturity from Rostow's 5 Stages

economic growth extends, increase in investment and diversification, multiple industries expand and infrastructure develops rapidly, new industries develop to replce the old ones

Describe the age of mass consumption from Rostow's 5 Stages

economic system is almost self sustaining and people buy services and products, welfare system fully develops and trade expands, consumers have disposable income

What are the critisisms of Rostow's theory?

• lack of detailed explaination of between stages

• assumes all countries start with the same resources, economy, climate and topography

• ,any countries find it harder to "take off" than expected

What is Frank's dependency theory?

This stated that the periphery (developing and emerging countries) traded raw materials to the core (developed countries) where the materials are refined and sold for more. Therefore he believed that poorer countries aren't simpler versions of wealthier countries, but are weaker members of a global economy whose rules are decided by the wealthy.

What are some critisisms of Frank's Theory?

• many countries in the periphery were never colonised, proving Frank's theory wrong

• some previously poor countries have successfully developed (eg South Korea)

• countries that have followed the socialist model have found it harder to develop, like Tanzania

Describe economic growth in India

• FDI stocks grew by over 200 points since 200

• World's second best wireless system

• road system has more than doubled

• total trade increased by over 3x from 2006- 2012 to US $794 billion

• economy has grown by 7% for the last 2 consecutive decades

What are the impacts of India's economic growth on Climate Change?

• 3rd biggest emitter of greenhouse gases; reliant on burning coal

• 400 million people have no access to electricity so burn coal, dung and paraffin

• 60% of farmers rely on monsoon rain, which is becoming more erratic

What are the impacts of India's economic growth on Water Pollution?

• between 2010- 2025 number of polluted rivers is expected to rise from 121 to 275

• The ganges and Yamuna are in the top 10 most polluted rivers

• agricultural run-off, sewage and industrial waste contaminate rivers

• no safe water, but people still drink and bathe in it, spreading diseases rapidly

What are the impacts of India's economic growth on Land Pollution?

• 25% of land experiences deforestation

• 68% of the country is experiencing drought, affecting food security

• 50% of lakes and wetlands have dissapeared since 1911

What are the impacts of India's economic growth on Air Pollution?

• WHO reported that air pollution is the 5th biggest cause of death in India

• Delhi has the worst air pollution in the world

• life expectancy in cities is reduced by 2.3 years compared to that in rural villages

Describe India's location

Found in Asia's sub-continent, surrounded by the Indian ocean, and within that, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea

Borders several countries including China, Nepal and Bangladesh

Describe India's site

• large water supply in summer due to monsoons

• lots of metal, gas, minerals and coal to mine

• mainly soft clay soil; good for farming

• mountains in the North make trade difficult

Describe India's situation

• the ganges = india's biggest river

• bordered by 5 countries

• surrounded by the Indian ocean

• near Suez canal (cuts down shipping by 5 days to europe)

describe the connectivity of India

good internet connection

not landlocked - easy trade

extensive trade systems

18 international airports

What are the benefits of Top-Down development?

can access very large sums of monet, provide amny jobs and can benefit hundreds of thousands of people

What are the cons of Top-Down development?

high-tech solutions can be costly to maintain, and may fail if funds run out

many local people may not actually benefit, for example they may have to move

What are the benefits of Bottom-Up development?

• uses intermediate technology

• targeted at specific needs of local people

generates jobs for local people

• sustainable development

What are the cons of bottom-up development?

• governments often rely on NGOs instead of developing their own systems

• lack of data about how successful NGo schemes are; not as accountable as government schemes

What are India's main exports?

gems and jewellery, pharmaceutical products, transport equipment

What are India's main imports?

gold and silver, oil, electronic goods

describe India's relationship with the EU

• 9th trading partner for imports of goods

• 10th trading partner for exports of goods

• 7th trading partner for services

• EU is a net investor in India

describe India's relationship with the USA

• has free trade agreements

• Prime Minister's visit to silicone valley in 2015 has led to developing ICT, digital communications and biotech in India

describe India's growing global influence

• 2nd largest market in the world

• 3rd largest economy in the world

• member of BRICS and the G-20

• seat on the UN security council & was a founding member of the UN

what happened to India's GNI?

doubled from 2006-2014

What has happened to India's economy (in terms of different sectors)?

decrease in agriculture, increase in manufacturing, service industry has grown the most and now dominates