Thẻ ghi nhớ: Society and Culture | Quizlet

Society

A group of people with shared territory, interaction, and culture. Some societies are made up of people who are united by friendship or common interests. Some societies are merely social groups, two or more people who interact and identify with one another.

territory

Every society must have ____________, or an area to call its own.

interact

Members of a society must ___________ with one another on a regular basis.

Culture

A defining element of a society.

pluralistic societies

Some societies are _____________ _____________ composed of many different kinds of people, some of whom belonged to other societies. The United States fits into this category.

assimilation

In a pluralistic society, members retain some ethnic traditions and beliefs from their old society. In order to fit into their new society, however, members must give up some of these original traditions. This process is called _______________.

influential

In a truly pluralistic society, no one group is officially considered more _____________ than another.

hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, agricultural or agrarian, industrial, and postindustrial

Societies have evolved over many millennia. The different types of societies include ___________ _____ _____________, _____________, _____________, ______________ ___ ____________, ____________, ____ _______________.

hunting and gathering societies

In _____________ _____ ______________, members survive by gathering plants and hunting for food.

horticultural societies

Members of ________________ ____________use hand tools to raise crops.

pastoral societies

Members of ____________ ____________ rely on domestication and breeding of animals for food.

agricultural; agrarian societies

Members of ______________ or ____________ ____________ raise crops by harnessing an animal to a plow.

industrial societies

In ____________ ____________, members use machinery to replace human labor in the production of goods. As fewer people are needed for agriculture, societies become urbanized, which means that the majority of the population lives within commuting distance of a major city.

Postindustrial societies

________________ ____________ feature an economy based on services and technology rather than production.

Mass society

A large, impersonal society that values individual achievement over kinship ties.

Norms

Guidelines, standards of behavior that change depending on context and location. The four types of norms are folkways, mores, laws, and taboos.

Deviance

The violation of a norm, whether for good or bad.

social controls; positive sanctions; negative sanctions

Societies discourage deviance with ________ ___________, such as ___________ _____________ (rewards for approved behavior) and _____________ ______________ (punishments for disapproved behavior).

statuses

We all occupy several ___________, or positions in particular settings, and play roles based on them.

Role

A set of norms, values, and behaviors attached to a status.

Role conflict

When we are expected to fulfill more than one role at the same time, we can experience _____ _________.

Culture

Everything made, learned, or shared by the members of a society.

material culture; nonmaterial culture; beliefs; values

Although cultures vary dramatically, they all are composed of ___________ ___________ (physical things) and _____________ ___________ (intangible aspects such as _________ and _________).

Dominant culture

The culture held by the majority or the most powerful. It usually maintains economic, political, and cultural power.

Subculture

A culture within the dominant culture. The subculture does not oppose the dominant culture but does have its own material and nonmaterial cultures that the dominant culture does not share.

Counterculture

A culture that actively opposes the dominant culture.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view other cultures by the standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentrists often consider their cultures superior to other cultures.

Cultural relativism

The opposite of ethnocentrism, _____________ _____________, means interpreting other cultures based on one's own standards.

Culture shock

We experience ___________ ______ when the practices of other cultures seem unfamiliar, scary, or shocking.

William Ogburn; culture lag

__________ ________ coined the term __________ _____, which occurs when material and nonmaterial culture develop at different rates. For example, culture lag sometimes leaves us with technology we're not yet sure how to use.

Cultural diffusion

___________ ____________ occurs when an item of culture spreads throughout a culture or from one culture to another.

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