Chapter 36: Vascular Plant Resource Acquisition

**Xylem**

Form of vascular tissue that only transports water and dissolved material up the plant

**Phloem**

Carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic products in vascular plants, 2 way flow

**Root (system)**

System that anchors the plant into the ground and assist with water and nutrient absorption

**Shoot (system)**

**Part of the plant above ground**

**Photoautotrophic**

Using light and inorganic compounds to produce energy

**Stems**

Bears leaves and buds, elongates plant and allows for reach to sunlight

**Phyllotaxy**

Arrangement of leaves on a stem; determined by shoot apical meristem

**Opposite**

**two leaves per node**

**Alternate**

One leaf per node

**Whorled**

Multiple leaves per node

**Self-pruning**

non-productive leaves or branches will undergo programmed cell death

**Horizontal shoot orientation**

The leaves branch off the stem in a horizontal manner; better in low light condition, prone to sun damage

**Vertical shoot orientation**

The leaves branch off the stem in a vertical manner; better in highlight conditions, leaves are not prone to sun damage

**Stomata**

Specialized pores of plants that allow for gas and water exchange

**Mycorrhizae**

Symbiotic relationship of a fungus and plant roots; different kinds

**Apoplast route**

Everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell

**Symplast route**

Continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata between cells

**Plasmodesmata**

Plasma membrane between cells where plants are connected to each other

**Transmembrane route**

Where water and solutes move out of one cell and into another across the cell wall

**Solute**

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

**Cotransport**

A type of active transport where movement of the molecules are coupled, occur at the same time

**Osmosis**

Diffusion of water across a membrane

**Water potential**

Prediction of where water will flow

**Flaccid**

Limp; loss of water

**Turgid**

Firm; correct amount of water

**Wilting**

Loss of turgor; cell wall has burst due to excess water

**Positive pressure**

pressure formed due to the collection of fluids inside the cells of plants, pushing against the cell wall; essential for translocation

**Aquaporins**

Channel in the phospholipid bilayer specifically for water transport

**Transpiration**

The process through which moisture is carried through the tree from the roots to the stomata

**Xerophyte**

A plant that needs little water

**CAM plants**

Plants that absorb CO2 through Crassulacean acid

***Cephalocereus senilis***

Cactus with Long, white hairlike bristles help reflect the intense sunlight of  the Mexican desert

***Fouquieria splendens***

Only produces leaves during seasons of heavy rainfall

**Bulk flow**

Movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations

**Stele**

Central core of a stem/root of a vascular plant that consist of a collection of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

**Endodermis**

Inner layer of cells found mainly in the root cortex that surrounds a bundle of vascular tissue; last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals

**Photosynthates**

products of photosynthesis

**Translocation**

Movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

**Source**

Part of the plant where sugars are produced

**Sink**

Part of the plant where sugars and starches are stored

Xylem brings the ingredients to the kitchen (leaves) where cooking happens (photosynthesis) then the waitress (phloem) brings the finished food to the customers (non-photosynthetic areas of the plant) for them to consume

Analogy for xylem and phloem