Chapter 9

Fermentation

Partial breakdown of sugars without oxygen (occurs during the Krebbs Cycle)

Cellular Respiration

Complete breakdown of sugars requiring oxygen (occurs in the ETC)

Redox Reactions

What kinds of reactions are used by cells to obtain usuable energy from chemical energy?

Oxidation (LEO)

Type of reaction where electrons are lost

Reduction (GER)

Type of reaction where electrons are gained

Transition step (pyruvate oxidation)

What is required for the 2 pyruvates from glycolysis to move to the Krebbs cycle?

Phosphorylation

The act of adding a phosphate group onto a molecule

NAD+ (becomes NADH where the H stands for holding an electron)

Primary electron shuttle during cellular respiration; used to take energy from a high energy, complex molecule to a usable form

1. Substrate Phosphorylation — An enzyme adds the extra phosphate

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation — Inorganic phosphates enter a rotor which then adds the extra phosphate

How is phosphoylation brought about within the cell? (2 ways)

1. Investment phase (2 ATP spent)

2. Energy payoff phase (4 ATP are created)

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

1. Cytosol

2. 1 Glucose molecule

3. 2 ATP and 10 enzymes

4. 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H+ ions, and 2 pyruvates

Answer the following with regards to glycolysis:

Where?
Reactants?

Requires?

Ends with?

Transition Step

Movement of pyruvate througha transport protein where it is then oxidized to be used in the Krebbs Cycle

1. Mitochondrial Matrix

2. Pyruvate, S-CoA, NAD+

3. Acetyl Co-A, NADH, H+ ion, and CO2

Answer the following with regards to glycolysis:

Where?
Reactants?

Ends with?