Ch5 Phonation

What is the non-speech laryngeal function?

the protective function of the larynx is the most important role of the larynx. (coughing, thoracic fixation, and expelling foreign substances

Phonation is the product of what?

vibrating vocal folds within the larynx

how is phonation maintained (2 elements)

1. Bernoulli effect

2. tissue elasticity

What is this a description of: “if volume of fluid flow is constant, velocity of flow must increase at an area of constriction, but with a corresponding decrease of pressure at the constriction.

the bernoulli effect

Velocity increases at _______ constriction and results in a _______ pressure between medial edges of the vocal folds and they will literally be sucked towards one another

glottal; negative

the Bernoulli effect dictates that at a constant flow of air, at a point of constriction 2 things will happen:

1. a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow

2. an increase in velocity of the flow

Phonation begins with ____

attack

in all types of attack, what is a constant?

adduction

does the process of atttack (bringing the vocal folds together (adduction)) require muscular action?

yes

what are the types of VF attack?

1. simultaneous

2. breathy

3. glottal

in ______ vocal attack, the adduction and the onset of respiration occur simultaneously

simultaneous

in ____ vocal attack the start of significant air flow happens before VF adduction

breathly

in _____ attack, adduction of the VF occurs prior to airflow, much like a cough

glottal

What are the three dimensions of movement that the arytenoid can do?

1. rocking

2. gliding

3. rotation

what is the primary arytenoid movement for adduction?

(inward) rocking

does termination of phonation (abduction) require muscular action?

yes

what muscle is involved in the termination of phonation (abduction)

posterior cricoarytenoid

is the vibration of the vocal folds the product of repeated adduction and abduction of the vocal folds?

no

the actual vibration of the vocal folds is the product of airflow interacting with the tissue in the absence of muscular contraction

how do the vocal folds open?

inferior to superior

a. air _______ beneath the VF arises from respiratory flow

b. air pressure causes the VF to separate in the ______

c. the ______ aspect of the VF begins to open

d. the VF are blown apart, the flow between the folds _____ and pressure decreases

e. the decreased pressure and ________ of the VF causes the VF to move towards midline

f. the VF close inferior to ______

Pressure; inferior; superior; increases; elasticity; superior

what are the three vocal registers?

1. modal

2. glottal fry

3. falsetto

which register is used in daily conversation?

modal register

which version of modal phonation is this: “medial compression is greatly increased; increase in the harsh quality of the voice”

pressed or breathy?

pressed

which version of modal phonation is this: “VF are inadequately approximated, so you get excess airflow and audible air escape during phonation”

pressed or breathy?

breathy

which voice register results in a crackly voice quality?

it could also indicate respiratory illness

glottal fry

which vocal register requires increased vocal tension as a result of the vocal folds lengthening and becoming very thin?

falsetto

what is the psychological correlate of frequency?

pitch

as pitch increases frequency ____

increases

as pitch decreases frequency _____

decreases

______ frequency determines the pitch of the voice.

fundamental

TRUE OR FALSE: the length of the VF at various pitches exceeds the length of the abducted vocal folds

False

The length of the vocal folds at various pitches NEVER exceeds the length of the abducted vocal folds

what are the two types of pitch?

1. optimal

2. habitual

optimal pitch is the frequency of vibration that is most ____ for a pair of vocal folds

efficient

ideally, habitual and optimal pitch are the ____

same

pitch range is the _____ between the lowest and highest frequencies

difference

pitch range is reduced through _____

pathology

what are the two muscles involved in changing pitch?

And what are the parts of the first muscle?

cricothyroid and thyrovocalis

(pars recta and pars oblique)

what is the psychological correlate of intensity?

loudness

how do we increase the vocal intensity of vibrating vocal folds?

1. increasing subglottal pressure

2. increasing medial compression

medial _____ is the extent of force with which the VF are brought together at midline

compression

myoelastic component is ?

myo and muscle… the associated soft tissues of the larynx

vibration of the vocal folds depends on the ___ theory?

myoelastic-aerodynamic

arodynamic component is ?

the airflow and compression through the constricted tube

the Titze model is similar to _____ body-cover theory

Hirano’s

what are the ‘cover’ elements of the vocal folds?

squamous epithelium + superficial lamina propria

what is the ‘body’ element of the vocal folds?

intermediate lamina propria, deep lamina propria, thyrovocalis

what are some clinical considerations when there is an issue with phonation?

• weak voice

• voice decreases in intensity

• reduced pitch range

• “rough” voice in cases of upper respiratory issues/problems

what method of VF investigation is done through an ENT and has no magnification

indirect laryngoscopy

what method of VF investigation involves magnification and has a tube with a light source to illuminate the area

direct laryngoscopy

what method of VF investigation has a strobed light source to view the VF vibrations?

stroboscopy