Ch.9,10,13,14

Cycle of Violence

A pattern involving tension building, acute battering, and contrition/remorse stages in abusive relationships.

Tactics of Abusive Men

Strategies like intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing blame, using children, male privilege, economic abuse, coercion, and threats to control partners.

Characteristics of the Abusive Personality

Traits like borderline personality disorder (BPD), fear of abandonment, intense relationships, identity disturbance, impulsivity, suicidal behavior, affective instability, anger, and paranoid ideation.

BPD/BPO & IPV

The theoretical connection between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) involving intense relationships, abandonment anxiety, anger, impulsivity, and substance abuse.

The Abusive Personality (APB)

A syndrome of traits predisposing men to assault their partners, including BPD symptoms, chronic anger, trauma symptoms, fearful attachment, and childhood abuse.

Typology of Abusive Men

Categories like Family Only Aggressors, Generalized Aggressors, and Emotionally Volatile perpetrators based on levels of anger, depression, jealousy, violence, and psychopathic traits.

Explanations for IPV by Abusive Men

Cognitive distortions, moral justifications, blame shifting, minimizing consequences, and dehumanizing the victim to justify abusive behavior.

Etiology of IPV

Sociological-feminist, social and structural, social learning, and integrative social-learning attachment theories explaining the origins of Intimate Partner Violence.

IPV Risk Assessment

Structured tools like Propensity for Abusiveness Scale, Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA), and Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA) to evaluate the risk of IPV recidivism.

The Duluth Model

A cognitive-behavioral approach to domestic abuse intervention focusing on controlling behavior, causes of violence, motivation to change, responsibility acceptance, and non-violent ways of relating.

Attrition in IPV Treatment

Men referred to IPV treatment have a high dropout rate, leading to increased rates of recidivism.

Myths about Mental Illness

Mentally ill individuals have long been stigmatized as prone to violence, perpetuated by media, literature, and common beliefs.

Relationship between Crime and Mental Disorder

Monahan (1993) proposed two paradigms to study the link between violence and mental disorder:crime among the disordered and disorder among the criminally active.

Violence and Psychosis

Psychosis can lead to disorganized and impulsive violence due to destabilized decisions and behavior, as seen in the Threat Control Override principle.

Predictors of Recidivism in Mental Health Correctional Populations

Bonta, Blais, and Wilson (2014) conducted a meta-analysis on predictors of recidivism, highlighting the importance of general personality cognitive social learning factors.

Treatment of Mental Health Correctional Populations

Controlled treatment studies targeting mental health correctional populations are lacking, with most programs similar to those for non-offending psychiatric patients.

Famous Criminal Cases

Examples like the "Ken and Barbie Killers" and the Reena Virk Case highlight the intersection of mental illness and criminal behavior in high-profile cases.

Female Offenders in the Criminal Justice System

Women account for a small proportion of correctional admissions, with a higher share in community admissions compared to custody admissions.

Violence by Women

Rates of violent offenses by women may fluctuate, potentially influenced by societal changes and definitional modifications, as indicated by studies like Simourd & Andrews (1994).

Gender-specific variables

Variables that are specific to a particular gender, such as abuse history and self-harm history, used in assessing recidivism risk.

LSI/LSI-OR

Risk assessment tools used in combination with survey data to determine risk and needs for incarcerated and community-sentenced women.

Gender-neutral risk assessment

Risk assessment instruments developed based on gender-neutral theories of crime that apply to both men and women.

Gender-informed risk assessment

Risk assessment tools that consider gendered pathways to crime and include female-specific risk-need factors.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Deliberate bodily harm without suicidal intent, such as cutting or burning, often observed more in female offenders.

Women's Risk Need Assessment (WRNA)

Risk assessment tool specifically developed for women and girls, considering female-specific risk-need factors.

Indigenous overrepresentation

Indigenous persons are disproportionately represented in Canadian corrections, facing historical and social challenges like colonial past and over-policing.

Structural invariance

The consistency in how constructs are measured across different groups, essential for ensuring the validity of assessment tools.

Predictive invariance

The ability of assessment instruments to predict outcomes equally well across different groups, crucial for fair risk assessment practices.

Offender Intake Assessment (OIA)

Evaluation process for federally sentenced Indigenous men and women, currently being updated by CSC to address cultural considerations.

Effect Size (d)

A statistical measure indicating the magnitude of the difference between recidivists and nonrecidivists, with values of .20 considered small, .50 medium, and .80 large.

Area Under the Curve (AUC)

A metric used to evaluate the accuracy of a risk assessment tool, with values of .56 indicating a small effect, .64 a medium effect, and .71 a large effect.

Meta-Method

A research approach that involves reporting fixed and random effects, influenced by sample size, and uses Orwin's fail safe N to determine the number of studies needed to reduce an effect size below .20.

Forensic Assessment Measures

Tools used in the meta-analysis, showing that Indigenous samples scored higher on average, especially on general-risk need tools and general violence risk measures.

Static Tools

Assessment instruments that do not account for changes over time, emphasizing the need to supplement them with dynamic tools to avoid potential biases and ensure accurate risk assessment.

Indigenous Correctional Treatment Approaches

Programs like Indigenous healing lodges and integrated Indigenous correctional programs that combine traditional Indigenous practices with mainstream corrections treatment to promote healing and reduce recidivism.

Pathways Initiative

An Elder-driven program focusing on holistic healing following the Medicine Wheel teachings, aiming to reconnect Indigenous individuals with their cultural identity and promote healing.

Indigenous Integrated Correctional Program Model (IICPM)

A program merging Risk-Need-Responsivity principles with Indigenous-specific considerations, emphasizing reconnecting with Indigenous identity and reducing criminogenic needs.

In Search of Your Warrior (ISYW)

A former high-intensity Indigenous-specific violence reduction program integrating Indigenous teachings with mainstream interventions to reduce recidivism.

Tupiq

An Inuit-specific sexual offense treatment program integrating Inuit cultural practices with sexual offense-specific treatment targets, aiming to decrease recidivism among Indigenous individuals.