AP Bio Macromolecules (1.2-1.6)

macromolecule

large molecule necessary for life built from smaller organic molecules

monomer

single subunit or building block

polymer

2+ monomers covalently bonded

dehydration synthesis

hydrogen and hydroxide separate from monomers forming water, and polymer covalent bonded together, uses enzymes

hydrolysis

breaking down of polymer into two monomers by adding water, uses enzymes

product of dehydration synthesis

polymers and water

product of hydrolysis

monomer

carbohydrates elements

C1:H2:O1

glucose chem formula

C6H12O6

carb monomer

monosaccharide

carb polymer

polysaccharides

bonds between monosaccharides (carbs)

glycosidic bond

examples of monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, galactose

disaccharides examples

lactose and sucrose

polysaccharides

long monosaccharide chains, can be branched or unbranched

glycogen

stores extra glucose in animals

cellulose

structural plant cell wall, glucose chained together

starch

stores extra glucose in plants

compare and contrast starch and cellulose

both made up of glucose, cellulose is arranged in 180 degree rotations forming tight wall

function of carbs

energy, structure, storing, or transporting energy

lipids elements

CHO, sometimes P

monomer of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol (not true monomer)

bonds between lipids

ester linkages

lipids relationship to water

all nonpolar and hydrophobic

fat molecule/triglyceride

glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids

glycerol

3 carbon molecule with 3 -OH groups

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl group

saturated fatty acid defintion

single bond

flexible hydrocarbon tails

known as “fats”

every backbone saturated with hydrogen atoms

can stack up (solid at room temp)

saturated fatty acid diagram

unsaturated fatty acid defintion

double bonded

less flexible due to kinks

known as “oils’

cant stack (liquid at room temp)

unsaturated fatty acid diagram

wax

long fatty acid tails bonded to long alcohols or carbon rings, packed tightly to be water resistant

phospholipids found in

plasma membrane

phospholipids structure

glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids and polar group

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic heads face water while hydrophobic tails in middle

steroids

lipids w rigid backbone bc 4 fused hydrocarbon rings

example of steroid

cholesterol forming bile salts

proteins elements

CHONS

proteins monomer

amino acid

structure of amino acid

amine attached to carboxyl group, r group differs characteristics

how do amino acids r groups fold

exterior if hydrophilic, interior if hydrophobic

bonds between amino acids

peptide bonds (between carboxyl of one w amine of another)

covalent

protein function

structure, nutrition, defense, enzymes, communication

important thing to remember about proteins

shape determines function

enzymes

catalysts in biochem reactions

what macromolecules make up hormones

proteins or lipids (steroids)

denaturation

protein loses function from change in ph, temp, or salts

how does denaturing break proteins

disrupt hydrogen bonds and proteins cant fit in enzymes

primary structure

amino acid polypeptide chain

consists of N terminus (amino group) and C terminus (carboxyl group)

secondary structure

hydrogen bonds create folds in polypeptide

r groups role in secondary structure

none, r groups protrude out or above

2 outcomes of secondary structure in proteins

alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

tertiary structure

interaction of r groups creates 3-dimensions

types of r group interactions in tertiary structure

-repel or attract (ionic) each other based on charge

-hydrophobic folds inside away from water

-hydrophilic stays on outside towards water

-disulfide linkages (only covalent)

quaternary structure

r group interaction but DIFFERENT polypeptide chains

is denaturing reversible

sometimes, if agent is removed

chaperones

protein helpers that aid in folding process

where is dna found

nucleus of eukaryotes + chloroplasts and mitochondria

role of rna

protein synthesis

monomer of nucleic acids

nucelotides

bonds between nucleic acids

phosphodiester

structure of nucelotides

nitrogen base

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

elements found in nucleic acids

CHONP

purines

double ring (AG)

pyrimidines

single ring (CTU)

how to identify r group polarity (amino acids)

hydrocarbon (hydrogen or carbon)=nonpolar

oxygen, nitrogen, or other electronegative-polar

which part of a nucleotide is charged

phosphate group

how are carbons counted

clockwise

what is held on 1 prime of deoxyribose

nitrogenous base

what is held onto 3 prime of deoxyribose

phosphate group of ANOTHER nucleotide

what is held onto 5 prime of deoxyribose

phopshate group of own nucelotide

how to tell which direction nucleotide strand is in

O on sugar always points towards 5 end

bonds between bases in double helix

hydrogen bonds (easy to separate)