Respiratory and vessels

Main pulmonary bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

carina of trachea

Trachea

NO exchange of gases occurs here.

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.

Type II alveolar cells

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins

respiratory bronchioles

Composed of simple squamous epithelium

Type I alveolar cells

Terminates in alveoli.

alveolar duct

Composed of cuboidal cells.

Type II alveolar cells

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and?

Type I alveolar cells

TV + IRV + ERV + RV.

total lung capacity (TLC)

ERV + RV

functional residual capacity (FRC)

TV + IRV + ERV.

vital capacity (VC)

TV + IRV.

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.

False

During normal quiet breathing, males breathe 25% more than females.

False

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

False

Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.

False

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of

carbonic anhydrase.

False

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

False

The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.

False

The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of

food lodged in the esophagus.

False

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

False

The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung

False

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from

hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin

and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).

False

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic

False

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

temporal

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

secrete surfactant

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during

inspiration.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by _____

Boyle's law

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

Dalton's law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of

alveolar fluid

As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________

higher in pitch

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under

which conditions

decreased pH and increased PCO2

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________

increase of carbon dioxide

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

ventilation-perfusion coupling

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?

lung

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the

thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

chloride shifting

Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning?

Henry's law

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is

________.

friction

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

alveolar surface tension

Tidal volume is air ________

exchanged during normal breathing

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________

vital capacity

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?

High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels

because less O2 is available to be loaded.

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

rising blood pressure

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

inspiratory reserve volume

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.

a cardiac notch

The larynx contains ________

the thyroid cartilage

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for

example blowing up a balloon

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?

assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

voluntary cortical control

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

single layer of smooth muscle cells

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it

________.

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Which center is located in the pons

pontine respirator group (PRG)

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg

results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80

mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated.

95%

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing

transpulmonary pressure

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and

dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a

low to a high altitude because the ________.

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level

higher than normal

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli

producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

emphysema

Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?

A) tempera

nitric oxide

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted

value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?

restrictive disease

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Boyle's law

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.

oxygen

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

alveolus

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first

second is 40%. What does this suggest?

restrictive disease

Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?

arytenoid cartilages

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?

terminal bronchiole

Sinusoid capillary

Capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood.

Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles

Capillary that has a discontinuous, incomplete basement membrane.

Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs.

Largest artery of the body

aorta

Supplies the kidney

renal artery