Anatomy Unit 1 Test Review

Anatomy

the study of structure

Physiology

the study of the function of the body and it's parts

pathology

The study of disease

histology

The study of tissues

cytology

The study of cells

endocrinology

study of hormones

How are cells,tissues, and organs different ?

cells are the smallest units of living things

tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

what is the function of carbohydrates ?

used for energy in the body

what is the function of lipids(fats) ?

secondary source of energy, cushions, protects, builds cell membranes, hormones

what is the function of proteins ?

used to build body parts and are enzymes that control the chemical reactions of life

what is the function of nucleic acids ?

DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic info

anterior

in front of

posterior

behind

medial

toward or at the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

superior

above

inferior

below

superficial(external)

toward or at the body surface

deep

away from the body surface; more internal

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

homeostasis

the ability of the body to maintain balance or dynamic equilibrium

Sensor mechanism

receptor; monitors environment; detects stimuli and sends info to the control center ; an afferent pathway

Control center

integrator; usually the brain or spinal chord; interprets info and determines appropriate response

Effector mechanism

makes the body respond to the sensor ; information reaches the effector through an efferent pathway

negative feedback system

they oppose change by creating a response that is opposite in direction ; if one thing goes up the response is to bring it back down or vice versa

positive feedback system

Usually does not help the body, it can be disastrous to survival ; instead of opposing change in internal environment, the changes are amplified ex: blood clots & delivery of babies

An example of complementarity of structure and function

nerve cell structure : long, thin processes

function : transmit messages

What are the two main body cavities ?

dorsal and ventral cavities

What are the subdivisions of each cavity ?

dorsal : cranial and spinal cavities

ventral : thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

What major organs are found in each cavity ?

dorsal : brain and spinal chord

ventral : heart, lungs, stomach, liver, spleen, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

What type of plane divides the body in right and left parts ?

saggital

What type of plane divides the body in upper and lower parts ?

transverse

What type of plane divides the body in anterior and posterior parts ?

frontal

What is correct anatomical position ?

the body is erect and feet only slightly apart