Lecture Review – Reading Comprehension, Jazz, Fashion, Paleontology, and Bees

These 50 question-and-answer flashcards cover key facts, concepts, vocabulary, dates, and processes from the lecture transcript on beads, jazz, fashion promotion, early terrestrial life, and bee biology. Use them to test recall and deepen understanding before the exam.

Why are beads among the most common items found at ancient archaeological sites?

Because they were durable personal ornaments worn daily by men, women, and children and often buried with their owners.

List four qualities that make beads ideal collectibles.

Durability, portability, infinite variety, and value (both cultural and monetary).

What two natural processes can alter the appearance of a bead over time?

Daily abrasion from wear and corrosion while buried.

Why is researching ancient beads especially challenging?

Many beads lack documentation and have been separated from their original cultural contexts, so researchers must draw on multiple disciplines to interpret them.

How can beads assist archaeologists in dating a site?

Specific bead types can indicate the time period and the level of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication present at the site.

In the context of the bead passage, what does the word “adorned” mean?

Decorated or ornamented.

What is meant by “attire” in the bead passage?

Clothing.

What does “unravel” mean in paragraph (C) of the bead passage?

To discover or figure out.

Define the word “mundane” as used in the bead passage.

Ordinary or commonplace.

According to the bead passage, give one reason some ancient beads are hard to trace historically.

They have been moved or traded far from their original cultural locations.

Identify the two characteristics that set jazz apart from other dance music.

Improvisation and a distinctive rhythmic drive known as “hot” or “swing.”

What is improvisation in jazz?

The spontaneous creation or alteration of musical phrases during a performance to express individuality.

How did Louis Armstrong influence jazz improvisation?

By popularizing the extended solo (chorus-long or multi-chorus) that showcased individual brilliance.

What does a “get-off” musician do?

Provides featured solo performances within a band or orchestra.

Explain the jazz term “hot” (or “swing”) playing.

Departing from strict meter to create relaxed phrasing that emphasizes underlying rhythms, often with rough tone and moderate vibrato.

Place these musical genres in chronological order of appearance: ragtime, jazz, rhythm and blues, rock.

Ragtime (c. 1900), jazz (1920s), rhythm and blues (1950s), rock (1950s).

What is the meaning of “consciously” in the jazz passage?

Purposely or intentionally.

Define “unadorned” as used to describe early jazz arrangements.

Plain or without extra embellishment.

How is the information in the jazz passage organized?

By dividing the discussion into two major areas: improvisation and rhythmic drive.

Before living mannequins, how did designers present new fashions to clients?

Through sketches, wooden dummies, and fashion dolls dressed in the latest styles.

Who introduced the concept of the living mannequin and in what city?

Charles Worth, a British couturier in Paris.

In what year did living models become a regular part of fashion promotions?

1911.

Give two primary purposes of modern fashion shows.

To market clothing and to generate public interest in new designs and trends.

Define fashion marketing.

The practice of scrutinizing fashion trends, coordinating sales, and promoting clothing goods to the target audience.

Name two benefits that fashion shows provide to designers.

They allow designers to express creativity and showcase their designing talent to potential buyers and the media.

Why do retailers attend fashion shows?

To gain insights into new designs and trends that they can incorporate into their boutiques.

List three social or personal roles of fashion mentioned in the passage.

Boosting the wearer’s confidence, serving as a form of personal expression, and allowing designers independence in their creative ideas.

What software advantage do contemporary designers have over earlier generations?

They can apply designs to three-dimensional digital images for visualization before production.

Summarize the traditional view of the first terrestrial life according to megafossil evidence.

Vascular plants colonized land first, followed by plant-eating animals, then predators, all appearing rapidly around the Silurian-Devonian boundary (~400 Ma).

What new technique allowed paleontologists to study older, microscopic fossils?

Placing rock samples in an acid bath to dissolve the matrix and release microfossils.

How did the discovery of plant microfossils change scientists’ views on terrestrialization?

It pushed back the date for land invasion by multicellular organisms and showed that diversification occurred earlier than megafossils suggested.

In the paleontology passage, what does “extracted” mean?

Removed (from the surrounding rock).

Define “entombed” as applied to fossils.

Trapped or buried within rock or sediment.

What conclusion does the author draw about the evolution of terrestrial life?

That transitioning to land was a complex process comparable in significance to the origin of life itself.

Approximately how warm is the interior of a healthy beehive?

About 33 – 35 °C (91 – 95 °F).

Why do honeybees rarely fly when air temperatures are below 13 – 16 °C?

Cold locks their muscles, preventing proper wing movement, and can cause fatal exposure.

Explain how bees use clustering to survive winter.

They huddle together in the hive, consuming honey to generate heat and maintain the hive’s temperature.

What happens to drone bees when cold weather arrives, and why?

Worker bees expel the drones from the hive; the drones freeze, reducing population and conserving hive resources.

Why can freezing temperatures aid professional hive removal?

Opening the hive to cold can kill or immobilize bees without pesticides, making removal safer for people and the environment.

According to the University of Minnesota Extension, what proportion of pollination is performed by honeybees?

More than 80 % for most vegetables, fruits, and legumes.

Besides temperature, name two environmental factors that hinder bee foraging in cold weather.

Increased nectar viscosity and flowers closing in response to low temperatures.

Define “cold-blooded” in reference to honeybees.

Their body temperature depends on external environmental temperatures rather than internal regulation.

What is the primary food source bees consume to produce heat in winter?

Stored honey reserves within the hive.

Give one safety recommendation if a hive is discovered inside home walls.

Do not disturb it; contact a professional bee removal service.

What does the word “drastic” mean as used in the paleontology passage?

Radical or extreme.

In the paleontology passage, to what does the pronoun “they” refer?

The microscopic specimens (microfossils).

Provide the meaning of “instances” in the paleontology passage.

Cases or examples.

What two main evolutionary milestones are compared in significance at the start of the terrestrial-life passage?

The origin of life in the seas and the later transition of life from sea to land.