Merrills WB 1

Who is a radiographer?

A radiologic technologist who administers ionizing radiation to perform radiographic procedures

Explain ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable: Ensures as little radiation is used as needed.

Abbreviations ARRT

american registry of radiologist technologists

abbreviations ASRT

american society of radiologic technologists

What do the ASRT and ARRT do for the radiologic technology profession?

Which set of guidelines outlines appropriate behavior to which registered imaging professionals may aspire and is intended to assist in maintaining a high level of ethical conduct in the profession?

the AART code of ethics

Which set of regulations is enforceable and defined as mandatory standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct for all registered technologists and candidates?

the AART standards of ethics

22 rules of ethics

How often should the radiographic table be cleaned?

after each patient

How do members of the radiologic technology profession help to control pathogen contamination?

hand hygiene

ppe

respiratory hygiene

appropriate pt placement

clean disinfect handle equipment

What is the easiest and most convenient method to prevent the spread of microorganisms?

handwashing

When using the free IR to perform an examination on an isolation patient, the IR should be placed _____ the sheet

under

What protective apparel should radiographers wear if the possibility of touching blood exists?

gloves

What procedure should be followed to dispose of used hypodermic needles properly?

put in sharps container

List procedures that require aseptic technique when performed in the radiology department.

cystography

intravenous urography

spinal puncture

arthrography

angiography

True or false. When performing an examination in the operating room (OR), position the C-arm next to the operating table on the same side as the surgeon

false

Before beginning a radiographic examination, what should the radiographer do to gain the cooperation of a coherent patient?

provide a thorough explanation of the procedure

What is the minimum number of personnel that should be used to transfer a helpless patient from a gurney to the radiographic table?

4

When the radiologist is unable to see the patient, who is responsible for ensuring that an adequate clinical history accompanies the radiographs?

the radiographer

What is the role of the radiographer in interpretation of radiographic images? How should requests for interpretations be handled?

they dont diagnose or interpret they should inform the pt that it is outside the scope of practice and the radiologist will get it soon adn five their dr the results

List the three ways a patient's colon may be cleansed for an abdominal examination.

limited diet

laxatives

enemas

True or false. If washable gowns are used, they should be starched; starch is radiolucent, which means it can be penetrated easily by x-rays.

FALSE

Why is it necessary to ensure that any folds in cloth gowns are straightened out before making the radiographic exposure?

they prevent confusing densities or artifacts

What devices must be removed from the patient within the area of interest when the skull is examined?

dentures

removable bridgework

earrings

necklaces

hairpins

Identify the three types of muscular tissue and state the type of motion (voluntary or involuntary) associated with each

smooth - involuntary

cardiac- involuntary

striated- voluntary

The rhythmic motion of smooth muscle structures is called __________

peristalsis

What exposure factor is used to control involuntary motion?

exposure time

What body system controls the movement of voluntary muscles?

central nervous system

From the following list circle the five ways voluntary motion can be controlled by a radiographer:

a) increase mAs

b) decrease kVp

c) apply immobilization

d) give clear instructions

e) adjust support devices

f) increase exposure time

g) decrease exposure time

h) provide patient comfort

apply immobilization

give clear instructions

adjust support devices

decrease exposure time

provide patient comfort

True or False: most exams require the patient to hold their breath at some phase of respiration, such as the end of inhalation or exhalation

True

define breathing technique. Explain the purpose of using a breathing technique for a radiographic examination

instructing the pt to breathe during a long exposure time conbined with a low mA technique setting

Define image receptor (IR)

The device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

what is the most common and fastest IR type for radiograph?

solid state digital detector

According to the recommended procedural steps, what should the radiographer do before releasing or returning the patient?

exit instructions follow up post procedure instructions

make sure there isnt anything emergent on images that require pt to stay

What are the prime technical factors under control of the radiographer?

mA

kVp

exposure time - seconds

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for ascites

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for edema

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for old age

decrease in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for atrophy

decrease in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for emaciation

decrease in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for pneumonia

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for emphysema

decrease in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for enlarged heart

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for pneumothorax

decrease in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for hydrocephalus

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for pleural effusion

increase in radiation exposure

appropriate radiation exposure compensation for degenerative arthritis

decrease in radiation exposure

List the three best radiation protection tools under the radiographers control

proper positioning

appropriate collimation of exposure field

optimum technical factors

In cases where patients or their caregivers express anxiety about having imaging studies without the use of gonadal shielding technologists are advised to

explain the latest AAPM research and the national council on radiation protection recommendations

What are the three general positions of the IR? Which IR position is used most frequently?

lengthwise

crosswise

diagonal

lengthwise

regardless of the IR size, it is the radiographer's responsibility to _______________ to the bodypart

collimate the exposure

What adjustment can be made by the radiographer to compensate for an increase in OID?

increase the SID

list four reasons why it would become necessary to angle the central ray

avoid superimposition

avoid stacking curved structures on itself

project through angled joints

project angles structure without distortion

The distance from the anode focal spot inside the x-ray tube to the IR is the ___________.

SID

What 3 factors are affected by SID?

magnification, spatial resolution, patient dose

the traditional minimum SID used for most conventional radiographic exams is _____, but recently, the SID has been increased to _________

102 cm 40 in

112-122cm 44-48 in

What is the minimum SID for chest radiography?

72 inches

list two purposes of collimation when restricted to irradiate only the anatomy of interest

minimizes amount of radiation to the pt by restricting exposure to essential anatomy

reduces the amount of scatter radiation that can reach the IR which reduces the potential for a reduction in contrast resolution

true or false: creating an image using larger than required (necessary) field size is a violation of the ARRT Code of Ethics

True

True or false. Shuttering of the direct digital images is an acceptable substitution for proper collimation

false

From the following list, indicate which of the following isnot recommended or unacceptable for right and left side marker placement.

a. Use of electronic insertion of the side marker in digital imaging

b. Placement of the marker in the anatomy of interest

c. Placement of the marker on the border of the collimated field

d. Placing the marker directly on the body part

A

each projection - how to mark it with marker

PA hand

R or L marker is used

each projection - how to mark it with marker

AP abdomen

R marker

each projection - how to mark it with marker

AP forearm

R or L marker is used

each projection - how to mark it with marker

lateral skull

mark side closer to IR

each projection - how to mark it with marker

PA skull

R and L marker is used

each projection - how to mark it with marker

AP cervical spine

R marker

each projection - how to mark it with marker

lateral lumbar spine

mark side closer to IR

each projection - how to mark it with marker

lateral decubitus chest

mark side up- opp side of laid on

each projection - how to mark it with marker

AP oblique lumbar spine

mark side closer to IR

each projection - how to mark it with marker

bilateral AP knees side by side one on IR

R and L marker is used

Define and describe the anatomic position

The patient stands erect with the face and eyes directed forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and toes pointing anteriorly

Describe how a PA projection radiograph of the chest should be oriented on the display monitor.

anatomic position

Describe how lateral projection radiographs should be displayed

same orientation as x ray tube

Describe how hand and foot radiographs should be displayed

hand - digitis pointed upward

foot- toes from perspective of x ray tube

From the following list, circle the four items of identification information that should be on every radiograph.

a. Patient's name

b. Patient's diagnosis

c. Date of examination

d. Institutional identity

e. Patient's marital status

f. Side marker (right or left)

g. Requesting physician's name

A

C

D

F

some examinations require an additional marker to indicate the __________ after the introduction of a contrast medium.

cumulative time

abbreviations

AP

anteroposterior

abbreviations

AEC

automatic exposure control

abbreviations: ASRT

american society of radiologic technologists

abbreviations

IR

image receptor

abbreviations: CR (X-ray beam reference)

central ray

abbreviations

mAs

miliampere second

abbreviations

DR

digital radiography

abbreviations

APR

anatomically programmed radiography

abbreviations

ARRT

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

abbreviations

ASIS

anterior superior iliac spine

abbreviations

BMI

body mass index

abbreviations

SID

source image distance

abbreviations

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

How have equipment manufacturers responded to the growing obesity problem in the United States?

made special products to accomodate obese patients

What is the major risk factor in transportation and transfer of obese patients?

risk of injury to radiographer and other healthcare workers

Which body parts are most affected, in terms of increased size, by morbid obesity?

ASIS

iliac crest

pubic symphysis

greater trochanter

trunk

What bony landmarks are usually palpable on obese patients?

jugular notch

What is the approximate distance of the pubic symphysis from the jugular notch on a patient who measures 5 feet, 3 inches (160 cm) in height

56 cm

22 inches