Chapter 1 Anatomy SUMMER WORK

Anatomy

The branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts - their forms and how they are organized

Physiology

The branch of science that studies the functions of body parts. Asks "how do they work?"

Metabolism

The total of all chemical reactions that are continuously at work to maintain the characteristics of life.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms

A self regulating control system the involves receptors (provide information: skin), a set point (body temperature 98.6°F receptors throughout body), and effectors (cause responses that alter conditions-muscles)

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

As conditions run toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens, and the effectors are shut down

Axial portion

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Portion

Upper and lower limbs

Viscera

Organs with a cavity

Cranial Cavity

Within the skull (brain)

Vertebral Canal

Wishing the vertebrae (spinal cord)

Thoracic Cavity

Right & left lung, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus

Mediastinum

The center portion of the thoracic cavity, separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments, right and left lung

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Extends from the diaphragm to the base of the hip

Abdominal Cavity

Stomach, liver, kidneys, most small & large intestines

Pelvic Cavity

Enclosed within the hip bones

Parietal Pleura

Refers to the membrane attatched to the wall of a cavity

Visceral Pleura

Refers to the membrane that is deeper - toward the inside, covers the organ, such as the lung

Pericardial Membrane

The membranes that surround the heart

Peritoneal Membranes

The membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity

Superior

A body part that is above another part or is closer to the head

Inferior

A body part that is below another body part or is closer to the feet

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Medial

Related to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves. Any part that is closer to this line

Lateral

Toward the side with respect to the midline

Proximal

Describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment than another body part

Distal

Describes a body part that is farther from a point of attachment than another body part

Superficial

Situated near the surface

Deep

Describes the parts that are internal

Ventral

Used mainly in comparative anatomy of animals - belly side

Dorsal

Used mainly in comparative anatomy of animals - back side

Sagital Plane/Median Plane

Refers to a cut that divides into superior and inferior portions

Coronal Plane/Frontal Plane

Refers to a section that divides the body into anterior or posterior planes

Abdominal

Region between the thorax and pelvis

Acromial

The point of the shoulder

Antebrachial

The forearm

Antecubital

The space in front of the elbow

Inguinal

That depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

Lumbar

The region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

Axillary

The armpit

Brachial

The arm

Buccal

The cheek

Carpal

The wrist

Celiac

The abdomen

Cephalic

The head

Cervical

The neck

Costal

The hip

Cubital

The Elbow

Crural

The leg

Digital

The finger

Dorsum

The back

Femoral

The thigh

Frontal

The forehead

Genital

The reproductive organs

Mental

The chin

Mammary

The breast

Gluteal

The bottox

Nasal

The nose

Perineal (Perineum)

the region between the anus and the external reproductive organs

Sacral

The posterior region between the hipbones

Sternal

The middle of the Thorax, anteriorly

Oral

The mouth

Orbital

The eye cavity

Otic

The ear

Palmar

The palm of the hand

Patellar

The front of the knee

Pectoral

The chest

Pedal

The foot

Pelvic

The pelvis

Plantar

The sole of the foot

Popliteal

The area behind the knee

Tarsal

The instep of the foot

Umbilical

The navel

Vertebral

The spinal column

Water

One of the requirements of Organisms: The most abundant chemical in the body

Foods

One of the requirements of Organisms: Substances that provide the body with necessary nutrients

Oxygen

One of the requirements of Organisms: A gas that makes up about 1/5 of ordinary air

Heat

One of the requirements of Organisms: Form of energy

Pressure

One of the requirements of Organisms: An application of force to something

Receptors

Provide information

Set Point

Tells what a particle value should be

Effectors

Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

Atom

Invisible particles

Molecules

Atoms that form together

Macromolecules

Small molecules that can combine in complex ways to form larger molcules

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function

Organelles

A part of a cell that performs a specialized function

Tissue

Cells that are organized into layers of masses

Organs

Groups of different tissues that interact

Organ Systems

groups of organs that function closely together

Organism

Organ Systems make up one of these

Ventral Cavity

contains the spinal cord within sections of the backbone

Oral Cavity

Containing the teeth and tongue

Nasal Cavity

Space within the nose

Orbital Cavitity

Containing the eye and associated skeletal muscles and nerves