LESSON 11: Speech and Language Disorders and Etiology of Speech and Language Disorders

Speech and Language disorders

Cause problems in communication.

Communication Disorder

• The transmission and/or perception of messages is faulty.

• The person is placed at an economic disadvantage.

• The person is placed at a learning disadvantage.

• The person is placed at a social disadvantage.

• There is negative impact on the person’s emotional growth.

• The problem causes physical damage or endangers the health of the person.

Van Riper

He defines speech impairment or disorder as deviating from others' speech, causing distress, interference with communication, or distressing the speaker or listeners.

Perkins 1977

He defines speech impairment as unintelligible, abuses the speech mechanism, or culturally or personally unsatisfactory.

Determining Speech Disorder

• Age, education, and cultural background are considered in determining a speech disorder.

• Speech patterns of a person deviating significantly from adult (30 yrs old) speech indicate a speech problem.

• Mispronunciation of speech sounds in a second language is not a speech disorder.

• Any deviation in the condition of the breathing and voice

  producing mechanisms including the integrity of the mouth and

  oral cavity.

Voice

Articulation

Fluency

Speech related problems that cause ineffective communication.

Voice Disorders

Deviations in phonation such as pitch, frequency, and quality can cause speech disorders.

Vocal resonance

Affected by impedance in the flow of air.

Hypernasality

When there is too much air flow and the voice seems to come from the nose.

Hyponasality

The air flow is too little and the voice seems to be impeded by severe cold.

Articulation Disorders

Errors in the formation or utterance of speech sounds.

Haycock’s classical manual or Teaching Speech

It describes how speech organs shape and mold breath and voice to form words correctly.

Omission

Substitution

Distortion

Addition

Four basic errors of articulation.

mild, moderate, or severe

Articulation disorders vary in degree of severity.

Mild or moderate

Mispronunciation or immature speech but can be understood, usually disappears as the child matures, but if it persists for a long period of time, referral to a speech specialist should be made.

Severe

Unintelligible speech, a speech specialist compliments the works of special education teacher.

Fluency Disorders

Interrupt natural speech flow with inappropriate pauses, hesitations, or repetitions. Characterized by unnatural variations in speed, stress, and pauses.

ex. cluttering and stuttering

Cluttering

Speech is fast, with extra sounds and mispronounced sounds, making it garbled and unintelligible.

Stuttering

Rapid repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds, especially at the beginning of words and complete verbal blocks.

More common in males and twins.

Situational and related to speech setting or circumstances.

Language Disorders

Occur when there is disruption in the usual rate and sequence of milestones in language development.

The American Speech-Language-Association (ASLA)

They define Language disorders as abnormal acquisition, comprehension, or expression of spoken or written language.

Disorders may involve phonologic, morphologic, semantic, syntactic, or pragmatic components of the linguistic system.

sentence processing and retrieving information

Individuals with language disorders frequently have problems in ___ and ___ from short- and long-term memory.

Factors Contributing to Language Disorders

• Cognitive limitations or mental retardation.

• Environmental deprivation.

• Hearing impairments.

• Emotional deprivation or behavioral disorders.

• Structural abnormalities of the speech mechanism.

Lack of Motivation

____ at home to engaging activities may discourage a child from developing his or her own skill in using vocabulary learned and in expressing ideas.

Form problems

Covers phonology, morphology, and syntax problems that range from difficulty of decoding spoken language, abnormal use of prefixes to abnormal structure of words and wrong use of tenses.

Content problems

Include semantic disorders manifested in poor vocabulary development, inappropriate use of words, poor comprehension of the meaning of words.

Use of pragmatic problems

Inability to comprehend or use language in context or conversation on various situations.

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

A problem in processing sounds attributed to hearing loss or intellectual capacity.

Aphasia

A language disorder that results from damage to parts of the brain responsible for language.

Apraxia

Aka ‘verbal apraxia or dyspraxia’ is a condition where the child has trouble saying what he or she wants to say correctly and consistently. (ex. autism)

Dysarthria

A speech condition where the weakening of the muscles of the mouth, face and respiratory system affects the production of oral language.

Deaf or Hard of hearing

They manifest speech and language disorders as a result of conductive, sensorineural, auditory nerve, central auditory nervous system and functional hearing losses.

Deafness

Restricts the perception of the sound elements of a language and other sounds in the environment with or without a hearing aid.

Deaf Persons

Can develop their communication skills manually through sign language and arbitrary gestures and movements, or orally through speech reading and auditory training,

Etiological Factors

Traced in brain damage, or the causes can be secondary to mental retardation, hearing loss, ADHD, learning disabilities, autism, schizophrenia, cerebral palsy, cleft palate, vocal cord injury, disorders of the palate and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Meningitisk

A common child’s illness may bring about complications that can result in hearing loss and other problems related to communication.

childhood aphasia or loss of language functions

Injury, accidents, diseases, and trauma can result-

language disturbances or aphasia

Damage to the left hemisphere of the brain causes ___ or ___ more than damage to the right hemisphere.

Emerick and Haynes (1986)

Distinguish a communication difference from a communication disorder.

Substitution

Replace one sound with another sound.

Ex.

wed — red

thoap — soap

dut — duck

Omission

Omit a sound in a word.

Note: This error affects intelligibility the most, making speech more difficult for the listener(s) to understand.

Ex.

p ay the piano — play the piano

g een nake — green snake

Distortion

Produce a sound in an unfamiliar manner.

Ex.

pencil (nasalized—sounds more like an “m”) — pencil

sun (lisped—sounds “slushy”) — sun

Addition

Insert an extra sound within a word.

Ex.

buhlack horse — black horse

doguh — dog